Passing-Death of Clare Essay

The death of Clare at the end of Nella Larsen’s Passing though left unclear was, in my opinion, caused by Irene pushing her out of the window. Nella Larsen does not specify what exactly happened, but Irene pushing Clare out of the window seems like the most plausible one. I don’t know whether Larsen intentionally left the ending so abruptly but I just feel as if Irene was the one to kill Clare. Larsen makes this point clear through the phrasing she uses when describing the self-esteem destruction Irene undergoes once Clare has reinserted herself into Irene’s life, and the situations Irene finds herself as a direct result of Clare. Prior to Clare’s reentrance into her life Irene is a self-assured, independent, and confident woman; however, she soon turns self-conscious, dependent, and hesitant. When viewing Clare at the hotel Irene is struck by Clare’s beauty stating, â€Å"She’s really almost too good-looking â€Å"(Larsen 27). The word â€Å"good-looking† shows that Clare is beautiful, however, it is the addition of the word â€Å"too† that indications that Irene feels inferior to Clare’s beauty. Clare embodies beauty, as she is â€Å"too good-looking†. When Clare requests her presence at tea Irene fears Clare will not believe that she had a previous engagement. Larsen writes, â€Å"She was afraid Clare would not believe it† (Larsen 27). It seems foolish that Irene should care what Clare believes of her integrity. Irene’s self-esteem not only continues to deteriorate, but displays of internalized racism begin to present themselves through illogical thought and irrationality. Irene describes Brian in the same way she does Clare as, â€Å"extremely good-looking† (Larsen 77). Irene, does not view herself as â€Å"good-looking†, therefore she believes herself unworthy of Brian an â€Å"extremely good-looking† man, so she assumes Brian and Clare are engaging in an affair. Despite assurances from Brian that he does not view Clare as â€Å"extraordinarily beautiful†, Irene remains convinced that they have engaged in a relationship. As an African-American woman Irene must contend with the ideology that she is not worthy because of her complexion. Clare’s presence in her life forces Irene to face feelings of inferiority. Though Clare is African-American she lives her life as a white woman. Irene no longer views Clare as African-American, but a white woman who threatens her life. White women are believed to be the epitome of beauty, so why would Brian, when presented with the best, not choose the finest option according to society? Larsen writes, â€Å"Irene Redfield wished, for the first time in her life she  had not been born a Negro† (151). Larsen includes the word â€Å"first† to inform readers that Clare is the cause for Irene’s internalized racism. She had never before contemplated what it would be like to have been born of another ethnicity. Clare forces Irene to feel inferior within her own home because she is not white. She is told everyday by society that she is inferior because of her skin color and now because of Clare she must return home and struggle with the knowledge she is not worthy of her husband because she is not white. While Clare never voices her emotions to Irene, she fears Clare; though she never verbalizes this fact Larsen shows it by writing, â€Å"A conviction that the words were intended as a warning took possession of Irene† (Larsen 166). Irene is in her own home, yet she feels Clare somehow â€Å"possessing† her. Larsen creates an image of an innocent person forced into a situation. The word possession implies a lack of choice and that Irene feels lesser. In Irene’s eye Clare is not a woman who passes, but a white woman whose presence in her home threatens the comfort and security of her life. Irene has managed to eradicate all knowledge that Clare is actually a biracial woman â€Å"passing† as white, allowing her to see Clare as she views all white women in society, as threats. Larsen indications this when saying, â€Å"she was aware that, to her, security was the most important and desired thing in life† (169). Towards the end of the book, after Irene runs into John Bellew, she begins to think about Clare and John divorcing. And Larsen writes, â€Å"Then came a thought which she tried to drive away. If Clare should die! Then – Oh, it was too vile! To think, yes, to wish that! She felt faint and sick. But the thought stayed with her. She could not get rid of it† (101). The thoughts that Larsen has Irene thinking makes it seem as if Irene wants Clare dead. If she really cared about her she would never have thought about her dying and if she had for some reason then the thought would not have stayed with her. Later on in the same scene, Larsen writes, â€Å"She turned her face to into her pillow to cry. But no tears came† (101). I think that if Irene really felt bad about her thoughts, she would have cried about it. When Irene finally realized that Clare had died she had so many thoughts in her head. Larsen writes, â€Å"It was an accident, a terrible accident,’ she muttered fiercely. ‘It was† (112). The inclusion of that last line, the italicized â€Å"was† makes it seem as if Irene was trying to reassure herself that it wasn’t her fault. And then she goes on thinking about whether she  should have stayed or not because she knew that people would eventually find her body and ask questions. In a few sentences Larsen establishes that Irene is self-conscious about what Clare will think of her, dependent on the approval of Clare, and hesitant to make a decision for fear of what Clare might choose to believe. Irene’s destruction continues as Clare inserts herself into Irene’s inner circle of family and friends. Irene went from having a good head on her shoulders to becoming a paranoid jealous women; which leads readers to believe that Irene pushed Clare.

Non Conventional Machine

Module 9 Non-conventional machining Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Lesson 36 Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Instructional Objectives i. ii. iii. iv. Describe the basic mechanism of material removal in USM Identify the process parameters of USM Identify the machining characteristics of USM Analyse the effect of process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) v. Develop mathematical model relating MRR with USM parameters vi. Draw variation in MRR with different process parameters vii. Identify major components of USM equipment viii. State the working principle of USM equipment ix.Draw schematically the USM equipment x. List three applications of USM xi. List three limitations of USM 1. Introduction Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process. USM is grouped under the mechanical group NTM processes. Fig. 9. 2. 1 briefly depicts the USM process. Force, F Slurry of abrasive and water Horn Vibration frequency f ~ 19 – 25 kHz Amplitude, a ~ 10 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 50 ? m Tool Work Fig. 9. 2. 1 The USM process In ultrasonic machining, a tool of desired shape vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency (19 ~ 25 kHz) with an amplitude of around 15 – 50 ? over the workpiece. Generally the tool is pressed downward with a feed force, F. Between the tool and workpiece, the machining zone is flooded with hard abrasive particles generally in the form of a water based slurry. As the tool vibrates over the workpiece, the abrasive particles act as the indenters and indent both the work material and the tool. The abrasive particles, as they indent, the work material, would remove the same, particularly if the work material is brittle, due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of the Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur aterial. Hence, USM is mainly used for machining brittle materials {which are poor conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical and Electro-discharge machining (ECM and ED)}. 2. Mechanisms of Mater ial Removal in USM and its modelling As has been mentioned earlier, USM is generally used for machining brittle work material. Material removal primarily occurs due to the indentation of the hard abrasive grits on the brittle work material. As the tool vibrates, it leads to indentation of the abrasive grits.During indentation, due to Hertzian contact stresses, cracks would develop just below the contact site, then as indentation progresses the cracks would propagate due to increase in stress and ultimately lead to brittle fracture of the work material under each individual interaction site between the abrasive grits and the workpiece. The tool material should be such that indentation by the abrasive grits does not lead to brittle failure. Thus the tools are made of tough, strong and ductile materials like steel, stainless steel and other ductile metallic alloys.Other than this brittle failure of the work material due to indentation some material removal may occur due to free flowing impact of the abrasives against the work material and related solid-solid impact erosion, but it is estimated to be rather insignificant. Thus, in the current model, material removal would be assumed to take place only due to impact of abrasives between tool and workpiece, followed by indentation and brittle fracture of the workpiece. The model does consider the deformation of the tool.In the current model, all the abrasives are considered to be identical in shape and size. An abrasive particle is considered to be spherical but with local spherical bulges as shown in Fig. 9. 2. 2. The abrasive particles are characterised by the average grit diameter, dg. It is further assumed that the local spherical bulges have a uniform diameter, db and which is related to the grit diameter by db = ? dg2. Thus an abrasive is characterised by ? and dg. db db db db dg Fig. 9. 2. 2 Schematic representation of abrasive grit Version 2 ME, IIT KharagpurDuring indentation by the abrasive grit onto the w orkpiece and the tool, the local spherical bulges contact the surfaces and the indentation process is characterised by db rather than by dg. Fig. 9. 2. 3 shows the interaction between the abrasive grit and the workpiece and tool. Tool db abrasive grit db Work A B db 2x C D ?w Hemispherical material removed due to brittle Fig. 9. 2. 3 Interaction between grit and workpiece and tool As the indentation proceeds, the contact zone between the abrasive grit and workpiece is established and the same grows.The contact zone is circular in nature and is characterised by its diameter ‘2x’. At full indentation, the indentation depth in the work material is characterised by ? w. Due to the indentation, as the work material is brittle, brittle fracture takes place leading to hemi-spherical fracture of diameter ‘2x’ under the contact zone. Therefore material removal per abrasive grit is given as 2 ? w = ? x 3 3 Now from Fig. 9. 2. 3 AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 ? db ? ?d ? ? ? = ? b ? ? w ? + x2 ? 2 ? ? 2 ? 2 x = db? w neglecting ? w2 as ? w

Biological agents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biological agents - Essay Example National response framework is built upon scalable, flexible and adaptable coordinating structures to align key role and responsibilities across the nation. The private sector performs essential service missions in times of need. They provide shelter, emergency food supplies among other vital services. The framework incorporates standardized organizational structures that promote on- scene initiative, innovation and sharing of resources and information. The framework promotes quick assessment and response to incidences that require federal assistance. When dealing with any potential terrorist attack, past occurrence has taught that the first necessary task is to make safe the area and determine the nature and severity of the threat. Particularly in the past few years, several instances have been reported when a secondary device has been targeted at emergency responders or armed secondary assault has been perpetrated by offenders, in an attempt to harm or kill rescuers and disrupt emergency operations. Deploying countermeasures along pathways to reduce the threat of a terrorist attack is nothing new. The pathway to a commercial airline trip requires one to pass through a Transportation Security Administration screening checkpoint. Rain concept stresses the need for safe management of biological attack by involving all the necessary institution of the United States. The federal law is put in place to ensure that the rights of the citizens are taken into consideration while dealing with biological threats.

Marx on Alienation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marx on Alienation - Essay Example For Marx, capitalism is an economic system in which businesses are controlled and owned by a few individuals of private enterprise rather than by the government and its people. That no matter what the business is, a capitalist, uses his own money or other people's money to make profit and appropriate it for himself. Workers are mere dispensable laborers who work for the capitalists, to produce the goods that are to be sold which in turn provide a profit for the capitalists. He theorized that alienation occurs as a result of the capitalistic effort whereby in his aim to amass more profit, the capitalist continues to push the laborer and later on replaces him with robots and machines. The worker is thereby alienated from the "object of his work" when the use of machinery is employed to create a surplus in production. Machines compete with the actual talent of a worker thereby allowing cheap labor. A worker would be alienated from the "activity of working" when he is forced to work. He does not have any right over his work as he is under close supervision to produce. Another set of workers are tasked to do most of the important thinking for him thereby allowing repetitive drudgery work under regimented working conditions. Workers are also alienated from the "chance to determine what it is to be human" when he is forced to work under certain conditions that are not biologically favorable for him. Man adapts with nature and uses it for his own benefit, but when man is forced to destroy whatever is beneficial for him to satisfy a greater need, he is separated from himself at the same time. He is not only alienating his needs but he is destroying what is vital to his existence. As a person, man needs other people to relate with. But when workers are forced to compete with one another to satisfy the demands of the capitalist, he is being "alienated from other individuals". In the real sense, Karl Marx wishes to impart that alienation occurs when labor is not voluntary, but forced. When there is coercion man is no longer comfortable with his working environment. He is not happy with what he is doing because of several factors that psychologically interrupts with his balance. The knowledge that his work does not belong to him; in his workplace, his job is under the control of his superiors; and to gain recognition, he has to outshine others thereby creating conflict among his peers similarly displaces man's true nature and alienates him. As a result, man is happier when he is not under these working conditions and work is shunned like a disease that will eat him up alive. Karl Marx provided that the theory of "alienation is not an end in itself but a means to an end". In his romantic and idealistic views for an end to alienation, changes would be geared towards an approach to classless society and the withering away of the state. He explicitly provided that class struggle has always been existent from the time human beings made their own history. That no amount of scarcity or surplus to satisfy the needs of an individual could alleviate what society creates false consciousness among men. Seemingly his ideas point towards the need to develop in man a sense of satisfaction after his basic needs are alleviated. That after man works for his own basic needs alone; he no longer has to work for a capitalist who belongs to the upper class of a society. A social

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Midsummer Nights Dream - Essay Example The work was not the most imaginative recreation of the play, but it provided a clear representation with engaging actors who allowed their characters to come through. The costumes provided a feel for the time period in which the play was set and the setting was creatively constructed, allowing for all of the elements of the play to have space in which to play out their roles within the story. The way in which the play was lit added a dimension to the overall production. As always, the text of William Shakespeare created a work in which the actors could suspend the disbelief of the audience and create a production that was magical, while full of beautiful commentary on the human condition. The play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare, is a tale of comic twists, the story of young love in which the fae come to play their part by interfering in the lives of humans, twisting their desires to suit their own needs. The director, Kent Thomas, took a cold February day in Denver and transformed it to a warm summer evening. The play was developed around a classic setting with costuming that suggested Napoleonic France. The director situated the actors through their body language well within that time period, the production unified through ideals that created an atmosphere. The actores expressed this unified setting as they engaged more formally with one another, different than if it had been set in a lesser socio-economic surroundings. The characters seemed to be young aristocrats, their socio-economic status clear through their positioning on the stage. The work of the actors was well accomplished, the role of Hermia, played by Caitlin Wise standing out through her execution and presence. Something about her was engaging with the audience that placed focus on her when appropriate. At a moment when she was expressing a comedic frustration, her expressions were very readable, her projection of her voice filling the hall and focusing the audience on he r plight. Likewise, Helena Pistorius as Helena created a very believable character, her voice having a resonance that created a reality within her performance. As she developed her position within the play, she created empathy from the audience in a way that was unique to the role. Lawrence Hecht as bottom created a performance that made the audience laugh as it should, his portrayal with the donkey’s head unique in the way in which he expressed his role as the great queen Tatiana fell in love with him. However, it is the performance by Michael Wartella as Puck that still has me remembering the wonder of the play. He was clever, yet innocent, mischievous, but not evil as he comes across as a delightful fae whose only desire is to create trouble within both the human and fairy worlds. The way in which he expressed the character was not through evil, but through a feeling of joy in the accomplishment of his twisted sense of humor. His little devilries were executed with a belie vability that surpassed the breach of his true self, allowing his characterization to fully blossom and the audience to believe that he was not human, but a transcended being with the ability to muddle in the affairs of the heart. The costuming of the work was some of the most imaginative I have had the privilege to witness. The pieces broke through the time-period from which the play originated, adopting a Napoleonic point of view. The pieces were editorially reflective of the costumes of France during that time period, the dresses reflecting the empire waistlines that Josephine had favored. Therefore, the time period was set in the late 18th, early 19th century, the human characters reflecting this aesthetic. The costuming created a formal mood, the aristocratic air helping to set the socio-economic st

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT Research Proposal

UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP PROJECT - Research Proposal Example These people have stack to their indigenous beliefs as there is no alternative to the formative religion. One of the emerging challenges in reaching out to these groupings is the lack of adequate knowledge on who they are and where they live. A host of organizations have identified this challenge and have made it their responsibility to search and identify these people in order to establish plans on how they can be reached. It is in carrying out these roles that organizations such as Joshua project inspire action. This proposal models its approach around the work of this project which has undertaken to identify people and regions where Christianity remains a mystery. In particular, this study focuses on Chinese who remain steadfast in their indigenous faith. The overall idea is to identify and develop a comprehensive plan that will accord the Chinese a chance to receive and benefit from the variable teachings of the Gospel. The study will fall within the wider theme of making disciples of all nations which was the clarion call to Jesus disciples while on his mission on

San diego pension crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

San diego pension crisis - Research Paper Example This was a bad precedent that would set a devastating trend way into the future. Successive local governments would use the pension funds for other purposes when the economy started to slow down. To give an example, in 2002 when the city government was unable to give pay raises to employees, the city offered increases in pension of 25 percent. This was done despite the fact that the city’s cash contributions into the pension fund had lowered. It was under this corrupt scheme that the City Council promised to increase the pension benefits provided a plan that allowed the city reduce funding to the pension kitty was approved by the retirement board which is controlled by the labor union and city employees. Despite warnings issued by Diann Shipione, who was a trustee of the pension board, the underfunding was approved. Diann warned that the plan would in the long run bankrupt the city. A private attorney who represented the board also indicated that the plan was most likely illeg al. Mayor Dick Murphy, who was running for re-election in 2004, denied allegations that the city had serious financial problems at a time when deficit in the pension fund was close to hitting one billion dollars. Murphy was forced to resign later due to the pension scandal. In January 2006, seven people were indicted for conspiracy to commit fraud. These included the former pension systems director and the staff attorney. It is believed that this system of dipping into the pension funds was also emulated by other cities but its effects in San Diego were extreme. Recent efforts by Mayor Jerry Sanders to develop measures to salvage the pension situation have been met with resistance from different circles. The ballot measure which was proposed by the mayor and councilman Kevin Faulconer was put under a lot of scrutiny. The proposal would have overhauled the retirement benefits for the city workers. It was met by heavy criticism from both sides of the political divide. Councilman Carl DeMaio who developed another separate proposal on how to deal with the pension issue was one of the most vocal critics of the mayor’s proposal. He is at one time quoted to have referred to the mayor’s proposal as a toothless tiger (Gustafson, â€Å"Critics Say†). He reiterated that the proposal did not comprehensively deal with the pension problems that the city faced. The proposal if approved would have introduced strict measures of conducting new hires for public safety jobs. It would also have eliminated guaranteed pensions for new hires and replaced this with 401(k) s (Gustafson, â€Å"Critics Say†). The suggestion that guaranteed pensions for firefighters, police officers and lifeguards was not supported by politicians. Other leaders of unions especially those whose members were to be affected also vowed to rally their members to oppose the proposal. Frank De Clercq who heads the firefighters union in San Diego projected that if implemented ideals of the proposal will lead to challenges during recruitment into the affected jobs (Gustafson, â€Å"Critics Say†).This is because people will be reluctant to risk their lives in jobs that do not guarantee their well being after retirement. He further added that firefighters risked their lives on a daily basis in order to save the lives of others (Gustafson, â€Å"San Diego Pension†). Jay Goldstone, who is the chief operating officer of the city, was of the opinion that a lot of savings were to be made

Emerging economy that has a low labor productivity Essay

Emerging economy that has a low labor productivity - Essay Example There are many ways one can use to measure labor productivity. These range from the infrastructural capital, advanced technology through human capital. This paper is however concerned with human capital which is crucial in determining the productivity of the labor forces. The term labor productivity may be understood in the context of the total output per employee within a set timeframe. For instance, we can say the total production for every worker per day or per hour. As said before, some factors determine the productivity of the labor forces. Initially, Brazil has been growing economically since its independence. Brazil had hit a high output for every worker in early years of between 1960 and 1970s. In the years that followed from 1990 to early 2013, the production per workers contributed to over forty percent of its GDP. However, the trend is not the same in current years as there are factors that are contributing to its continued low labor productivity. Factors such as poor company management have been blamed for the current low productivity in Brazil (Baer, 2001). Despite most of the corporations in Brazil being well run, they are not managed efficiently leading to reduced productivity. Another factor is high taxes that make it hard for companies to employ a good number of trained and skilled employees. As a result, business owners resort to hiring less-qualified relatives at the expense of running their firms with well trained and adequately skilled personnel. This significantly affects labor productivity as poor skills cannot efficiently produce a great part of the total expected output. One of the motives for employing unqualified family members and relatives is to reduce the possibility of being sued for lack of the observance of labor laws (Baer, 2001). Further, other than the preceding, companies are protected by the government making it hard to face

The American Exchange Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The American Exchange - Term Paper Example The American exchange was influenced not only by Europe and Africa, but also by Asia. Moreover, it had an effect on the Asian commerce. The American exchange not only led to commercial growth but also had impacts on environmental and demographic changes1. Discussion Colonialism had a great impact on the American exchange between 1500 and 1800. The kingdoms of Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, France and Dutch each sought to gather wealth for their countries through colonies and advantageous oversees trading arrangements2. This also involved frustrating ambitious rivals from doing the same. In the American exchange, America was the colony, which included the entire western hemisphere. This area attracted a lot of interest because of the sugar islands of West Indies and the silver mines located in New Spain and Peru3. The triangular trade between America, Europe and Africa marked the beginning of the American exchange. According to this triangle, colonies from eastern America furnished t he raw materials while West Africa provided the labor needed to produce these raw materials. The mother country would in turn ship these manufactured products to both countries, that is, America and Africa. This partly led to the American Revolution as they protested against the colonial countries as they took raw materials from them, made them into finished products and then sold them at higher prices4. The Atlantic commerce paradigm takes into account coastal inhabitants of the three continents as they exchanged people and goods. In the Atlantic scheme, historians look at the contribution of the African kingdoms to the slave trade with Africans comprising a higher number of transatlantic immigrants compared to Europeans. The Atlantic commerce scheme also takes into account the Indian nations. The Indians supplied the American regions with skins and fur while they consumed manufactured goods and alcohol from the American regions. The Indian nations also introduced new agricultural products to the American farmers. Indian populations were also an important source of cultural identity and labor in some American regions. The Indians were able, until eighteenth century, to keep the colonialists at the coastal regions and away from the American continent5. Short-term consequences of American exchange The commercial system that existed at this period, with America producing the raw materials and colonial government selling them the finished products, led to the American Revolution. This was mainly due to the taxes on products such as tea, British manufactured goods and sugar products. There were protests by the consumers of the products6. The consumers could relate to the problems associated with goods from the empire. They were seen as a means of the colonial government exerting their rule on the American region. This was especially problematic considering they did not have representation in parliament back in London. Their mass consumption led to resisting of sta mp, sugar and Townshend acts7. They also boycotted tea and pledged non-importation, ultimately declaring independence. The principle of demand and supply is credited as responsible for the revolution and independence as it placed them at par with the colonial governments. The American colonies mobilized in an attempt to put an end to imperial state meddling, which would

Management Information System Essay Example for Free

Management Information System Essay The ten major domestic carriers in the United States reported revenue of 145. 3 billion dollars in 2012, according to data gathered by Airlines for America (2012). The combine market capitalization of the twelve largest and publicly traded airlines stood at 48 billion dollars as of April 2012 just four billion greater than the value of Starbucks and way below other companies like Facebook and eBay ( Airlines for America, 2012). Our research will give a detail analysis of the two theories developed by Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter. Porter posited that in order for businesses to compete an in-depth analysis should be done not only of your direct competitors but also external forces that can help a business performance; Porter labelled this as the Five Forces of Competitive Strategy. Another concept developed by Porter was the Value Chain, the Value Chain breaks the business process into two groups, Porter argues that business should analyse the areas of the Value Chain to see where improvements can be made to enhance performance. Our report will show how Southwest Airlines uses Information system in Porters theories and concept to gain competitive advantage Introduction to Southwest Airlines According to information received from Southwest. com (2013), Southwest Airline was incorporated in 1971 by co-founders Rollin King and Herb Kelleher as Air Southwest Company. The company is based in Dallas, Texas and has a staff capacity of over 46,000 persons. The carrier was formed has a low cost domestic carrier originally only flying in the state of Texas before branching out to other US states. From inception Southwest policy business strategy was to offer low fare and conveniently times flights on short haul routes (Ross Beath, 2007). Today Southwest Airlines flies domestic in the United States to 79 cities. Southwest Airlines is the largest airline in the world by passengers carried, in 2012 over 100 million persons was transported by the airline to different cities in the USA. The airline has being a pioneer in the industry and is credited for setting the foundation for the rise of other low cost carriers across the world like Ryan Air and Easyjet. In an industry where profit margins are very low and different carriers filing for bankruptcy ever so often Southwest has managed to stay above the fray. In almost 40 years of service the airline has consistently turned a profit while other airlines have struggled and has remained one of the world’s most profitable airlines. The airline’s consistent profitability was due to its own ability of low cost on a set per mile basis due to its use of a single aircraft model the Boeing 737 and its fuel hedging program that protect the company from rising fuel prices (Ross Beath, 2007). Southwest Airlines commands a market capitalization of over nine billion dollars making it one of the most valuable airlines in the world. Southwest credited its success for building a philosophy of simplicity, the company offering of low cost fares kept attracting passengers while its high touch customer service kept them coming back (Ross Beath, 2007). As the airline grew and its business processes became more complex and with other airlines investing heavily in technology in order to survive Southwest’s CEO at the time realised that a solid IT infrastructure would be essential for the company to achieve its strategic goals and could lower the airline cost without compromising on customer service (Ross Beath, 2007). Porters Five Force Model for Competitive Strategy Porter’s Five Force Model was developed by Michael Porter, Professor at the Harvard Business School in 1979. According to Porter (1979) the Five Forces is a holistic approach of looking and analysing any industry to understand the structural underlining drivers of profitability and competition. Porter believes that industry players take too much of a narrow look in assessing competition by believing that direct competitors in an industry are the only ones that are important. He uses the five forces model to show how business are engaged in a broader form of competition that can affect their profitability. These broader forces of competition include customers and suppliers who can have certain bargaining powers, new entrants that can emerge in the industry and affect your market share, substitute products or services that can be used and can have a direct effect on your profitability or growth and direct industry rivalry and competition within the industry. According to Hills Jones (2008) a business’s ability to earn great profits are dependent on the strength of Porters Five Forces, the reverse is also true that a weak competitive force allows for a greater opportunity to make profits. For example, a company that controls a monopoly in a certain geographical area will see greater opportunities for profit, because being a monopoly will eliminate the threat of new entrants, no internal rivalry and low bargaining power of consumers. The greatest issue most businesses will have is to identify changes in the five forces and knowing how to formulate strategies from the opportunities and threats that may arise from the change (Hill Jones, 2008). The image below illustrates Porter’s Five Force Model. Fig. 1 Source: (Porter, 1979) Threats of Entry in the Airline Industry The domestic airline industry in the United States has intense rivalry between its competitors. Over ten airlines fight for market share with the rivalry completely driven on price. Southwest Airline faces some its greatest competition from fellow low cost airlines such as Spirit air and JetBlue all three compete against each other on direct routes trying to offer the lowest prices and the best service to passengers with very low profit margins. Passenger figures stand at approximately 450 million passengers travelling domestic annually in the United States (International Air Transport Association, 2012). However, Southwest Airlines remained the dominant domestic carrier with a passenger load of over 100 million 2012 (Southwest Airlines, 2012). The competitive nature of the domestic market in the United States has led to the merger of some of its carriers in order to consolidate costs. The most recent merger being that of American Airlines and US Airways and before that it was Continental and United Airlines who joined forces. Barriers to Entry in the Airline Industry Prior to 1978 the airline industry in America was heavily regulated by the United States government and was driven by high prices and empty airlines. Government regulation not only prevented competition among industry players but also created an entry barrier for new airlines, as government regulated routes presented a monopoly for established carriers (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011). In the United States the state of Texas was the only state which never had government regulation in the industry. The deregulation in Texas gave Southwest Airlines an opportunity to enter the market offering its service in the major cities of Texas only (Southwest Airlines, 2012). The deregulation effort that was led by democratic senator Ted Kennedy and signed into law by former President Jimmy Carter saw a dismantling of fare and route controls in 1978 (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011). This deregulation made it increasingly easy for new airlines to enter market and compete. With government control no longer a barrier airlines were able to enter the market once they were able to access the capital that was required and meet the safety standards that were required by the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA). However, Michael Porter (2008) in an interview with Harvard Business School described the airline industry as one of the easiest enter with low barriers to entry he pointed out there is a constant stream of new airlines that enter the market regularly despite low profits. Bargaining Power of Suppliers and Customers in the Airline Industry According to Porter (2008) the limited number of suppliers in the airline industry gave a considerable amount of power to the ones that existed. Porter argues that airline suppliers made considerable more profits than airlines themselves. Aircraft manufacturing is dominated by only two major players,’ American company Boeing and French company Airbus. In 2011 both manufactures controlled over 90 per cent of new air craft orders with Airbus dominating at 64 percent (The Guardian, 2012). An airline survival in the industry is also tied considerably to the price of oil which is core to operation. Southwest Airlines use a method of hedging to compete on the price of oil which allows the airline to lock in to contracts at cheaper prices in anticipation of future rises in the world market prices (CNBC, 2012). Other supplier cost that affects performance includes security cost, airport gates and terminal fees and wages to staff. The greater the rivalry among industry players the more fickle customers will become. Customers in the airline industry have tremendous bargaining power and are very price sensitive. The fast pace nature of the industry can allow a customer to switch airlines at any time. Customers were the key beneficiaries from the deregulation of the industry, before the removal of price structure and other regulation, government policy ensured that airlines competed on service and not price (Bloomberg Business Week, 2011). This shifted dramatically with deregulation has new entrants to the markets like Southwest and JetBlue built their business model on low prices which has caused older established companies to lower their own margins. Substitutes Products for Airlines There are a number of substitute services available in the domestic airline industry in America. Substitute products include rail service, water, coaches, private car transportation or refusing to travel. These substitutes provide customers with other alternatives other than flying and are strong competitive forces to the industry. Airlines are therefore forced to show the economical convenience of air travel as oppose to using other means. For example a person travelling on business who places great value on time could find it more efficient to fly instead of using substitutes. Airfares offered by low cost airlines like Southwest are also competitive with other substitute products. The Value Chain Analysis Along with the Five Forces Michael Porter also developed the Generic Value Chain as a means of understanding competitiveness in the business industry. The Value Chain is aimed at helping us understand how goods and services move through an organization and how value is added to them. According to Porter the Value Chain represents a business process that comes along with a product (Porter, 1985). The main aim has articulated by Porter (1985) is to find sources for a company’s competitive advantage by dividing the company into several activities in the business process which are all strategically relevant to the goods or services provided. The business process is divided into primary and secondary areas. Primary activities include areas directly related to getting the product to the consumer. Inbound logistics is the acquisition of the raw materials that are necessary to provide the product or service. Southwest inbound logistics include areas such as route selection, flight and crew scheduling, fuelling, acquiring aircrafts and ticket management systems. Operation generally refers to the physical actions that are required to produce the service once all the raw materials are acquired. Southwest Airlines operations include a variety of actions to provide its service. It covers the airlines customer care services, gate operations, air craft operations and maintenance and baggage handling. Outbound logistics involves moving goods into inventory and places where they can reach customers. Southwest Airlines outbound logistics includes website for booking tickets, connecting passengers on flights, offering, baggage collection systems and other gate services. Other areas Primary agents of the value chain include marketing and sales and services. Marketing and sales involves the initiation of buying the product by utilizing advertising, promoting and monitoring sales (Porter, 1985). Therefore any advertising, promotional activity or deals and incentives offered by the airline will fall under marketing and sales activities. While service involves handling of customer relations once the product or service is in the hand of the consumer these include handling customer complaints, handling special request from customers such as disability requests or dealing with elements such as flight delays and cancellations. The secondary activities are important in creating a product or service but are not directly involved in its creation. Procurement is responsible for buying the raw materials for the company it can include computers furnisher and other fix assets which are essential to the value chain, the act of procurement according to Porter is normally carried out by management or the sales department (Porter, 1985). Technology support activity includes research and development that could lead to product development for the primary areas of the value chain, human resources role provides the company with essential staff to carry out functions while infrastructure involves the processes and procedures needed to execute the business process for example payroll and account (Porter, 1985). The purpose of this process is to analyse all the aspects of the Value Chain and determine if improvements can be made to increase the profitability and performance of the business. For example, Southwest Airlines could look at a value chain and determine if they could reduce the speed at which it check in passengers to flights to reduce turnaround time or increasing the speed of operating procedures such as maintenance and refuelling. Value Chain is a structured way to look at improving the business process and information systems can play a key role in this effort.

Climate Change Impacts On Plankton In Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impacts On Plankton In Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay Plankton are pelagic organisms as primary production providing food for marine mammals and commercially important fish. However, nowadays, it is widely accepted that global warming is occurring, and it is inevitable to impact on the marine pelagic realm. Any decline or increase in abundance, growth and trophic efficiency of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities will lead to decline or increase in higher tropic levels, even the entire ecosystems. The only way to reduce these effects is to reduce CO2 emissions to atmosphere. Further, the consideration of research should be including long-term changes in plankton biomass and community structure. Plankton are organisms that have limited locomotive ability relative to the water where they live. These organisms are ranging in size from viruses to large jellyfish. In tropical scale, plankton communities are highly diverse, containing organisms from almost all phyla and families. Furthermore, these organisms use their environment, its resources, and each other, in a wide variety of ways. The way to classify planktonic organisms is based on their size, which affects sinking, light utilization, mobility and tropic status. In addition, they have particular functional roles (grazers and nitrogen-fixers) in the ecosystem as well (McKinnon et al. 2007). However, nowadays, more and more marine scientists have paid attention on climate change which has strong impacts on these organisms in the ocean. For example, increased water temperature and ocean acidification have impacts on those tiny organisms in biological and physical ways (Richardson et al. 2004; Riebesell et al. 2000; Beaugrand et al. 2003; Lynam et al. 2005). The role of plankton in the ocean Phytoplankton account for approximately half the global primary production Richardson et al. 2004), and consequently play an important role in cycling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Micro- and Macrozooplankton are the basis of food webs supporting oceanic and many coastal fisheries (Richardson et al. 2004). In addition, they are also playing an important role in linking pelagic and benthic environment (McKinnon et al. 2007). Critical factors regulating plankton communities To date, a number of studies have demonstrated that the abundance and growth of plankton are affected by several climate stressors that will respond to climate change, including water temperature, ocean chemistry, light, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and nutrient enrichment (McKinnon et al. 2007). Although there are still having a limited understanding of how climate change will affect planktonic organisms, more studies have done that trying to find out profound meaning. Vulnerability Planktonic organisms all have short life cycles: hours to days for phytoplankton, seven to ten days for copepods, and weeks to months for macrozooplankton. This means that plankton respond quickly to changes in their physical environment. Therefore, they respond more rapidly than longer-lived animals such as fish, and mammals (McKinnon et al. 2007). Changes in water temperature All plankton are poikilothermic. A number of studies have shown that plankton growth rate, abundance, distribution, and timing of bloom are all influenced by temperature (Beaugrand et al. 2002; Edwards and Richardson 2004; Kirby et al. 2007; Richardson and Schoeman 2004). Besides, studies have shown that plankton species changes in temperature are more likely to directly affect metabolic processes rather than the whole community biomass, especially if plankton communities are resource limited. Moreover, changes in phytoplankton community composition and productivity will have flow-on effects on the productivity of zooplankton grazers (McKinnon et al. 2007). Ocean acidification and increased dissolved CO2 The direct effect of ocean acidification on zooplankton will be to dissolve their shells, increasing shell maintenance costs and reducing growth (Hallegraeff 1984). Furthermore, the declining pH may also change the growth rates of photosynthetic organisms. This means changes in pH will affect nutrient taking and thus alter rates of growth and photosynthesis (McKinnon et al. 2007). Changes may also occur in phytoplankton cell composition, which could affect their nutritional value for higher trophic levels (Richardson et al. 2004). Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) Studies have found that UVR impacts growth, mobility, and the relative dominance of many phytoplanktonic organisms (McKinnon et al. 2007). These effects compromise the ability of phytoplankton to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Hader and Hader 1989; Hader and Liu 1990). They also result in changes in cellular elemental stoichometry including increased cellular carbon content and decreased chlorophyll content (Hessen et al 1997). Further, in large-scale, UVR can cause changes in phytoplankton community structure because small cells are more prone to effects of UVR than large cells, and have comparatively high metabolic costs to screen out damaging UVR (Raven and Gilmartin 1982). Consequently, these negative effects of such changing can propagate to zooplankton (Keller et al. 1997). Linkages with other ecosystem components Some studies have shown that any decline or increase in abundance, growth and trophic efficiency of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities that is influenced by climate change is likely to lead to the decline or increase in higher trophic levels (Hunter 1981; Richardson et al. 2004; McKinnon et al. 2007). For example, fish larvae feed on plankton, and variations in the timing and extent of plankton reproduction could influence patterns of recruitment of fishes and invertebrates (Hunter 1981; Lynam et al. 2005). Management strategies The large-scale oceanographic, weather and climate processes are driving climate change impacting on plankton. Furthermore, due to the enhanced levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and rates of fossil burning, the process of ocean acidification is deterioration inevitable over next several centuries. To re-equilibrate the pH is not practical, and this will take a long time for ocean chemistry to return to a condition before industrial times. The only way to reduce these effects is to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Conclusion The lack of information on the state of specific regions of plankton communities currently hinders biologists from being able to address the impacts of climate changes on those areas. Therefore, in the future, the consideration should be given to the inclusion of more plankton monitoring sites in that specific region to track long-term changes in plankton biomass and community structure, particularly for those few organisms that are at risk from ocean acidification.

Essay on Characters, Tone, and Setting in A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

Characters, Tone, and Setting of A Farewell to Arms Throughout the world many individuals believe love is the cure for everything. In the novel, A Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway, is a typical love story between a nurse and a war soldier. Their love affair must survive the obstacles of World War one. Hemingway develops this theme by means of characters, tone, and setting. Hemingway expresses the theme through the use of two main characters, Frederick Henry and Catherine Barkley. Frederick henry is a young American ambulance driver in the Italian army during World War one. At the beginning of the novel Henry never experienced love he believed it was an elaborate game. When he is wounded and sent back to the American hospital where Catherine works their relationship progresses. Frederick slowly falls in love with her and in his love for her, he finds commitment. At the conclusion of the novel, Frederick realizes that he cannot base his life on another person or thing because it will eventually leave him. Catherine Barkley is an English nurse who serves in Italy. On the other hand Catherine is experienced when it comes to love since she has already lost a loved one which was killed earlier in the war. Hemingway also lets us know Catherine already has the knowledge that her life cannot be dependent on another through her husband's death. This all sets the tone for the novel. Hemingway also develops the theme through tone. The tone of this novel is a tragic one. Throughout the novel Hemingway foreshadows Catherine's death. When Catherine is brought into the delivering room, the doctor tells her he has concerns about her narrow hips. Therefore, they had to get a caesarean, and the baby dies. Then Catherine starts to hemorrhage and Henry realizes why he did not want to become involved with love and now he must suffer the consequences. Frederick then states "it was like saying goodbye to a statue," he walks back to his hotel without finding a way to say good-bye. Frederick realizes that Catherine was just a symbol of strength in his life. Evidently, Hemingway conveys this novel as a tragic one. One last ingredient the author expresses to develop the theme is the novel's setting. The story takes place during World War one. However, the plot is always active. The characters were never staying in one place too long.

Robert and the Dog :: Essays Papers

Robert and the Dog Ken Saro-Wiwa's short story "Robert and the Dog" tells about a steward and his master and mistress, the main character is the steward: Robert. To understand the character Robert, one must look a bit at his background. Ken Saro-Wiwa has left several clues in the text that can tell us a lot about this. Before Robert was employed by the young medical doctor, he had worked for several different households. It is indicated in the text that these had not been as pleasant a workplace as with the young doctor. It seems that Robert had been used to his employers' shouting and losing their tempers. And never calling him by his first name. Also the gratitude Robert feels towards his new employer, for his mere politeness, indicates that Robert is not accustomed to gestures of this sort. All this shows how Robert probably has been degraded and suppressed throughout his whole life. Later in the story Saro-Wiwa tells that Robert never misses a chance to exercise the power he has over his family. This type of pathological behaviour is common among people with an inferiority complex, something Robert is very likely to have attained, due to the treatment he has received. Later when the dog is introduced to the story, Robert has enlightenment and reveals to us and to himself his place in the hierarchy. He had always thought himself above them, but now discovers he is down with the dogs. This shattering blow to his self-image makes him aware of his own feelings and features. When his master throws him a treat or a kind word, he "wags his tail" and feels indefinite gratitude, just like a dog. He does his master's bidding with a heartfelt glee, just like a dog. And he loves his master above all else, just like Bingo, the dog. The revelation causes hatred to swell his servant mind, at length resulting in Robert taking a step up the hierarchical ladder, and the tragic pr emature death of Bingo, the dog. Ken Saro-Wiwa's short story about Robert and the dog Bingo also portrays a culture clash that not everybody thinks about, the view of the pets. In our rich western world pets are not uncommon. A lot of people have them, and among the most popular are dogs. Pets or "house animals" are nothing new, man has for the last 15 000 years kept animals as companions.

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

It is the complexity of the main characters and their interactions that make A Streetcar Named Desire such a successful and challenging play. The play A Streetcar Named Desire made playwright Tennessee William's name and has deservedly since had over half a century of success. This remarkable success can be credited to the intricate characters and their interactions with each other. Sisters, Stella and Blanche have had an enjoyable upbringing on the family plantation, "Belle Reve". As the name suggests Stella and Blanche's time at "Belle Reve" was near perfect. Like all things perfect it had to come to an end. While Stella did the logical thing and left the 'beautiful dream' and married Stan, Blanche hung on to it unable to move on and face reality. Blanche comes to Stella in an unbalanced state of mind in need of her sister's aid. The impression is given that this isn't the first time Stella has been there to help Blanche through a time of trouble. As much as she needs her help and as much as she respects her, Blanche strongly disapproves of her sister's new life. Stella tolerates Blanche's continual criticism of her husband, home and friends very well. From this and many other incidents throughout the play we see what a tolerant and adaptable person Stella is. Stan and Stella's relationship is far from ideal. Stan is a violent man. On occasions he hits Stella, but comes after her to satisfy his sexual needs. This is not to say that Stella is unhappy in her marriage to Stan. She has adapted to the way of life in "Elysian Fields" where it's accepted that women have arguments with their husbands and as a result are hit by them. Eunice and Steve have a similar relationship it is normal. Despite their violent relationship Stella relies on Stan as much as he does on her. Stella really does need Stan and the security he provides, especially with a baby on the way. Even if she weren't expecting a child Stella would have a lot of trouble leaving Stan. She admits to Blanche that, "I can hardly stand it when he is away for a night†¦and when he comes back I cry on his lap like a baby". From the moment Blanche first came to stay at Stella and Stan's home she posed a threat to Stan. He was used to being the only one Stella cared for, the one who ruled her.

Lakota Way

English 100-13 21 October 2009 Family Virtues Virtues are usually taught through the eyes of the wise, also known as the elder. In the book The Lakota Way, by Joseph M. Marshall III, his tribe teaches virtues though story telling. The virtues of the Lakota tribe and those of my family are more similar then I had anticipated, although we do have our differences. The Lakota Way, stories and lessons for living, is a book written in 2001 by Joseph M. Marshall III. Marshall dedicates his book to Kimberly Jo Schumidt and Joseph N.Marshall II. The stories he tells through out his book are those that have been passed down from his family about the Lakota’s and their virtues. Marshall’s stories are based on morals and virtues. While reading chapter 3, â€Å"Respect,† of The LakotaWay I came to find several similarities between my family’s view and the Lakota’s view. Koskalaka is a young man, in this chapter, who goes out hunting in the woods and stumbles acr oss the Deer Woman whom his grandmother had told him about.His grandmother had mentioned that she knew a man who was never home because the Deer Woman took him, so he should avoid her as much as possible. The Lakotas are trying to teach respect to young Koskalaka. They are showing him that you should respect your family and those around you because one day you can lose it all. Like the Lakotas, my family has been taught respect through are generations. My family has taught us that family comes first and we must respect each other and ourselves. They have said that if we do not respect ourselves then neither are we respecting our family name.I asked my mom what respect was when I was younger and she said,â€Å"respect is not something to just play around with, you should always give people the respect they deserve and treat people the way that you would like to be treated. You shouldn't disrespect people and always keep in mind how you would feel if someone were to disrespect me the way that you are disrespecting them. † I took her words to heart and learned a valuable lesson that day, so much so that now when I see someone disrespecting another I feel the need to intervene.In The Lakota Way, Koskalaka meets the deer woman and remembers what his grandmother had told him and out of respect he declines her tempting offer to go with her. Just like Koskalaka respects his elder grandmother my siblings also have learned that we must respect people and more the elder. In the Lakota tribe, the grandmother said that when the Deer Woman takes them into her lodge she has sex with them but, when they wake the deer woman is no longer there leaving the man forgetful of his family and in search of the Deer Woman.Unlike the Lakotas, my family has gone out and seen their own type of deer woman wether it be with drugs, sex, or lies, but never have they forgotten about the rest of us. My family has learned to embrace one another when they have fallen into temptation, where the Lakotas would cast them out. My relatives have gone through many hardships and difficult situations but the morals have set into our heads like Koskalaka’s grandmother set into his head. The many men whom the Deer Woman lured into her lodge lost complete contact with their families and thus themselves.They left their family’s worried about where they could be and what could be happening to them. The men became selfish and inconsiderate, and  no longer showing the respect and attention that they should have been showing to their family because of the Deer Woman. Dissimilar to the men and woman of The Lakota Way, our morals have been embroiled into our minds that family should always come first, regardless of the over all out come in any situation.The Lakota’s virtues demonstrate virtues through story telling opposed to my family who teaches morals through real life example. They tell us stories of hardships one of our relatives have gone through and what w e have to do to avoid situations like that. The stories of respect in The Lakota Way are similar to those of my family’s. The Lakota’s are very virtues people who value their family and respect themselves just like the family of my own.

Facebook Stalkers

Gabriel Montelongo Mr. Segura English 1301. 001 18, February 2013 The Book of All Evil There is no denying that social networking is at its finest. With over 1 billion users, Facebook has pushed itself into part of everyday lives. However, Facebook isn’t all flowers and butterflies. A website that stalkers use to rub one off to whoever they stalk, should not be perceived as a good thing. Neither should it be considered a good thing when a college student tries to write his essay, and keeps getting distracted by notifications.Facebook is a tool used for stalking, addiction, but worst of all, procrastination. One of the scariest thing about Facebook is the stalkers. Facebook has made stalking easier with the use of one of its features called â€Å"Lists†. Basically what this feature does is it allows the user to single out anyone in the friends list, and stalk anyone that has been added. The stalker can even single out what kind of updates a person has; such as photos, po sts, and recent locations visited.People that use Facebook should think twice about what they share with the world. On the bright-side, Facebook does allow the ability to block stalkers, but it is rendered useless if the stalker decides to fake a new account. If anyone out there has an interest in stalking, Facebook would be the first place they would look. When awkward, socially-undeveloped, cave-dwellers want to make friends, they use Facebook. They proceed to add pretty, young women, in hopes that they get a chance to be with them.However, that almost never happens, so these people then become angry and delusional. This is how stalkers tend to form over Facebook. These stalkers then proceed to stalk their rejecters, and then later end up in creepy stalker stories. This happens almost every day on Facebook, seriously. Social networking has become so common, that not many think about how they are being manipulated. Facebook has this control over people, using something called †Å"notifications†.People post updates on their page, and if people think it’s cool, then it’ll get â€Å"likes†. Notifications are then sent to the person telling them that someone liked their update. That right there encourages the user to post more updates. The more likes that people receive, the more it makes them want to update their status. This is how it keeps its users; through making them think that people actually care about what they are saying. Facebook manages to keep its users through a clever, but mischievous design.Though widely recognized as a place for friends, Facebook is more like a spreading of disease. Through mischievous design and manipulation, Facebook can actually cause addiction. A reward system of notifications and likes can make a person feel like something was accomplished through something as simple as a status update. This accomplishing feeling make the self-conscious Facebook users feel accepted through having their statuses â€Å"liked†, and will try to reanimate themselves in search of that same feeling.Facebook addiction is now being recognized as a legitimate addiction, and will soon find itself in future psychology books. Not only is Facebook perfectly designed for stalkers, but also to distract students from finishing homework. Facebook has a billion plus users, a majority of which are teenagers and young adults. Distracting a kid couldn’t be easier with Facebook. Give a pre-teen a website full of friends, and that pre-teen could be on it for hours.The same effect happens with young college students; only the college student knows that he has an essay due Wednesday. Said student will then proceed to write the essay, only to get distracted by friends on Facebook. It is a horrible feeling when students know that not much time is left, and begin to hate themselves for procrastinating. An evil that every teenager in this day and age has to deal with, every day of their lives. Facebook is a curse; one that destroys us from the inside out.Never mind the fact that almost one in every five divorces have been Facebook related, it creates stalkers that could eventually evolve into serial killers. Facebook breeds addiction and manipulates our already screwed up society. It has students thinking that they will only be on for five minutes, which then becomes an hour. Facebook is itself a problem that causes even more problems. A problem that’s here to stay until a new socializing website comes and takes over, and causes even more problems.

The Mbuti Tribe

Ashley Jones ANT 101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology March 04, 2012 Introduction The way of life in a distant African rainforest where harsh climate and availability of resources were common, the Mbuti tribe were foraging society that hunt and gather and live in a band of 10-50 people. Their environment influenced their modes of subsistence, cultural aspects and lifestyle in a deep-seated system. A culture normally describes a method of concepts, outlook, beliefs and language, which examines the way of life of a specific group of people with similar interests.The cultural system defines and forms necessary activities, views, opinions and interactions among people and their cultures, as well as their surrounding. The central African Mbuti or Bambuti tribe comprised an indigenous people who live within and on the border of the Congo basin rainforest in the Central African Republic of Congo. Their language falls into a classification of the Nilo-Saharan phylum. These groups of in digenous people, primarily settles in the Ituri forest. The forest is a component of a vast tropical rainforest within the Congo basin.This region receives higher precipitations each year, ranges between 50-70 inches amount of rain. The long duration of rain are interrupted by short periods of dry season for two months. The region is wet and humid all year round, and has various lakes and rivers. The community experienced difficulties such as diseases, which is prevalent due to humidity and plenty of rain that contributes to the scarcity of their food supplies. The rapid spread of diseases claims people and animals, and as well as shortage of food.Tsetse flies limit the breeding of large animals, which causes sleeping sickness. The inhabitants of the Bambuti tribe is roughly 30-40 thousand people. The Mbuti were the oldest inhabitants of the central African region. The Ituri is a rainforest and does not produced adequate food all year to support the Mbuti tribe. The Mbuti are hunter s and gatherers. They believed that the forest is everything to them. They consider it as their God, parent, and provider. They perceived themselves as the children of the forest (Mosko,1987).According to Mosko, all other tribes that were not Mbuti live outside of the Ituri forest. The Mbuti do not practice any recognized type of kinship patterns in their social organization (Mosko,1987). There are recognitions of kinship in some practices; for instance, in rules of exogamous marriage or when setting up camp. The huts are laid out according to patrilineage, for mutual support, but no acknowledgement of kinship is given (Mosko,1987). The Mbuti hunt and gather resources such as meat, honey, fruits, nuts and mushrooms in the forest.They trade either labor or wild resources from their hunting and gathering for products from horticulturalist societies to supplement their diets (Bailey, Head, Jenke, Owen, Rechtman and Zechenter, 1989). And in return, the Bambuti receives agricultural food s, salt, cloth, pots, pans, axes and blades, and other items not available in the forest. Mainly, the subsistence occupation of men consists of hunting animals and gathering wild honey. Like the other foraging societies, the Mbuti were very close to nature.The Mbuti believed that the forest is their God, and possessed all the qualities of a god, parent, and partner (Mosko,1987). They believed that all living things have a spirit and are equal (Mosko,1987). The Mbuti considered their tribe as one family and they are all related biologically, to some extent. They call each other by names of close family members; if they are the same age, they call each other brothers and sisters (Mosko,1987). The older people are called Father or Mother and the elders are described as grandparents.Aside from the nuclear family settling in the same hut, there is small number of areas in which the tribe expressed acknowledgement of biological kinship. This is contrary to most foraging societies, where k inship system are the bases of social structure (Nowak & Laird, 2010). The bands relocate from one place to another in search for resources. Cooperation is also a valuable asset, since hunting and gathering is a cooperative effort. More common to foragers is the belief in the spirituality of nature (Nowak & Laird, 2010).Infectious disease in the forest lived on plants. Diseases are scarce enough that the community cannot create immunity. Malnutrition is uncommon and if found, it is mild (Fabrega, 1997). Hunter gatherers normally benefit from healthy diet. Sickness is usually a spiritual problem (Fabrega, 1997). The Mbuti considers the Ituri forest has a center. The round huts, in which the Mbuti nuclear families live, has a center or sphere. They store foods in a round shaped baskets. The arrangement of the family hut is a smaller depiction of the organization of the Mbuti tribe.The place of each band camps form a sphere, with the forest in its center. The Mbuti have an uncommon out look of kinship and lineage, which are usually a determining factors in the social structures of other foraging societies, as well as horticulturist (Nowak & Laird, 2010). The Mbuti community do not know their lineage, which is evidenced in the way the camps are each laid out (Mosko, 1987). Marriage is exogamous to the band to which a person lives. They cannot marry their kin because all are biologically related, that’s why they produced an exception to the kinship policy.Living elders who recognized the common ancestors of the band involved, then they are related. However, if the ancestors are no longer living before the living elders recognized them, then the band becomes unrelated. This rule permits the Mbuti community to preserve their rules against marrying relatives and outside marriages. The Mbutis are separated into age groups. Age together with knowledge is important. The elders have the most knowledge, which gives them the authority. However, their authority can som etimes over-rule by the younger adults.Because they all have the same parent which is the forest, and do not cooperate with any kinship organization because they are all equivalent. The Mbuti lives mainly in the Ituri forest, it is their God and parent. All foraging societies have a special reverence for nature (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Hunting and gathering bring the tribe together and makes them closer to nature. They respect the forest and nature. Ownership have no importance because of their way of life, they move from one place to another. Personal traits and cooperative attitude are more important (Nowak & Laird, 2010).They have a healthy selection of food, which helps them to fight diseases. Each feature of their way of life is nature-oriented and it all points out to their environment. The Mbuti is a complete culture that supports each portion of its survival on the forest, which is the cause for the subsistence technique from which they exist. References Bailey, R. C. , Head, G. , Jenike, M. , Owen, B. , Rechtman, R. , & Zechenter, E. (1989). Hunting and gathering in tropical rainforest: Is it possible? American Anthropologist. New series 91(1) pp. 59-82. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. rg/stable/649276. Fabrega, H. Jr. (1997). Earliest phases in the evolution of sickness and healing. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. New series 11(1) pp. 26-55. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/649276. Mosko, M. S. (1997). The symbols of â€Å"Forest†: A structural analysis of Mbuti culture and Social organization. American Anthropologist. New series 89(4) pp. 896-913. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/677863. Nowak, B. , & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. San Diego, CA. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books.

Communication with children Essay

There are many reasons why people communicate these are as follows: Building relationship, it is very important to build a relationship with the children, young people, colleagues and people around us. For instance in the setting I work, the nursery, we communicate all the time to the parents and children to have positive relationship so that we can work together in providing the children’s needs. Simple greetings to the parents will be the start of harmonious relationship and we can develop a partnership in working together towards the development of every child. In our setting we often ask the parents if their child has been ok at home, if any concern such as the child not feeling well or a bit upset, the parents will tell us and that we can understand or have any idea how to deal with the child. We communicate to build a secure, trusting and good relationship with colleagues. Read more:  Identify different reasons why people communicate  essay Every day we talk about our experiences and our lives just to build a bridge of friendship to all staff I work with. We communicate to solve issues or if any problems we experience along the way, we communicate to learn from each other sharing ideas etc. With the children as their carer in school we communicate to know get to know the child. And if the child knows us they feel secure and develop a trusting relationship. We communicate daily to the children to help them learn and enjoy their time in the nursery. Maintaining relationships, it happens to us every day with the people around us by just simply smiling or asking how they are doing, it maintains a good friendship and trust among staff and with the people we work with. In the nursery we communicate with the parents and the children everyday asking how they are feeling, how they are doing to know and understand their needs and that maintain a good relationship and trust. I work with 3-4 year old pupils, for them to stay on task and enjoy what we planned to do with them, a trusting relationship and respect should be establish, we start this as soon as the child starts nursery by communicating with them asking them about their likes and dislikes, then this will carry on everyday so the child will feel comfortable and at ease with you, and with that relationship it is easy for me to have some activities with them such as math game to teach them about playing fairly and the learning objectives. If there’s a problem or concern with the parents, children or colleagues a good communication will work it  out, resolve some issues to maintain a positive environment Gaining and Sharing Information, We need to gain information in the work settings not only with children, young peoples and their families but also with colleagues and other professionals. The information that we gain and share will help us in a way that we work. In the nursery, there was a child with asthma, the teacher and parents give me information about his condition and what to do during emergency, with that it helps me how to deal with the child and provide his needs. If a child has special needs a professional will come and asses the child, your information about the daily routine and behaviour of the child will be needed. Example of this was in the nursery there was a child with a statement for speech and language therapy, the chid sees his speech therapist and got some key words to practice every day, the speech therapist will provide us with a copy of the Childs keywords so that in the nursery we ask the child to practice those words every day. We gain information from the speech therapist about the words the child needs to practice and we share the feedback on how the Childs getting on with it. If a child has allergy, medications will be needed to be shared between parents and nursery staffs. In planning activities and making a child’s learning journey the teacher would like to know your observations , assessments with some children, any good work, likes and dislikes etc. In the end of the day ,nursery staff shares information to the parents regarding how their child has been, example when the teacher has given an activity, an information will be shared regarding how the child coping with the activities and the outcome of it. Gaining reassurance and acknowledgement With working with children and young people, we praise them if they have done good work good behaviour, this will make them proud of what they’re doing and continue the good work or behaviour. When talking to children , parents or colleagues, providing them eye contact or taking interest of what they say would give them reassurance and acknowledgement. We communicate to give reward to good work. A child who has been kind and sharing to his friends will have a smile and sticker from us, this acknowledge that what the child did was really good. Expressing needs and feelings As human beings we all need to express our needs and feelings without doing these it leads to frustration and isolation. A baby knows how to express their needs and feelings by crying or pointing to the object. A child in the nursery will tell a teacher or support staff if he is hungry thirsty, sad, frustrated, happy etc with this we can give their needs. Every day we communicate with children, they tell us if they are upset or if somebody has upset them we solve these issues with proper communication. We talk about our feelings as young children they still are developing to control their emotions, if a child is angry and hurting other children we give the child a timeout and after the time out we talk to them pointing out that its ok to be angry but it’s not ok to hurt other children and if next time he feels angry again, encourage the child to tall a teacher rather than acting out of the Childs anger. We express our needs and expectation to a child, if a child did a good work or behaviour we praise the child, â€Å"what you did today made me very happy†. We express our feeling and needs not only to a child but to other adults around as example children’s parents and our colleagues. Open communication within working environment is essential to maintain relationship. We communicate to understand and to be understood. Sharing Ideas and thoughts Humans have ideas that needs to be shared and thoughts that needs to be heard, example when we are doing Christmas party in our nursery, as a member of staff we put in our ideas and thoughts to this activity , having our ideas put in together we can come up with a brilliant fun party. In planning activities, communication is important to share your brilliant ideas, and if you got some expertise you can share them among other staff, and if you got some weakness other staff can help you. Parents ideas are welcome we welcome then by means of verbal communication or written communication example of this is a suggestion box we provide for parents . CYP 3.5-1.1,2.2 Children- Positive relationship with children is important so that the children will feel safe secure, happy, relax and will have trust in their carer in nursery. Positive relationship is the main ingredient for you to work with children, young people and their families. A relax , comfortable  and happy child can learn more effectively .We can built and maintain it by setting some rules and boundaries with the children, resolve issues with the children and parents if there’s any. Positive relationship with children can be built by asking how the child feeling, what play interest them, listening to them also by showing them good example as they learn through example, be a role model. Young people – Positive relationship with teenager is important for them to give their trust and with that you can work with them effectively. You can maintain and build it by listening and respecting their opinions, know their interest. Deal with issues with sensitivity, honesty and openness and make sure you give feedback. For instance if a young people shared an important information about themselves, show that you are interested by giving eye contact when they speak , body gestures, facial expression so that felt that they have been acknowledge and their ideas being valued. If a young people had shared some problems deal with it with an appropriate manner and made sure you give them appropriate feedback without judging them. Don’t pressure them to do things they don’t want to do, respect the young people’s opinion even if it contradicts your opinion. Parents/carers- Positive relationship with parents and carers is important so that we can build a trust and open relationship with them and with that partnership both school and home can work effectively and support the child’s development. In a nursery setting communication between parents and staff is important every day, so if there are any issues it could be resolve with open and honest communication. We can maintain positive relationship by being welcoming to the parent’s warm and friendly ready to listen to their concern. If a parent had opinions respects it and include parent’s ideas in planning their child’s learning journey. Good relationship with parents means a lot of support they give to our settings example parents voluntarily help during field trip, donation money for more books or anything for the children’s activity. Staff can also learn from parent’s expertise such as baking, etc. Agencies and Professionals –Positive relationship with agencies and professionals important as we work alongside with them as some children needs them. For example a speech therapist will work together with the teacher and staff in providing and giving the child information on how to help his speech development. In my work setting one child has keys words from his speech therapist and he needs to practice those key words every  day, so we communicate with the speech therapist about what the child needs what words he needs to practice. If a child has behavioural issues we can ask for help to the agencies and professionals as they are expert in that field. In the nursery we invited the community police officer to give the children an overview of what they do and how they can help. The children learn many interesting things about a community police officer and they even met a police dog which made the children very happy. SHC 31-1.2 Explain verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication Verbal communication is simply the communication that is expressed through words. What you say is verbal communication. What you don’t say is nonverbal communication, example on nonverbal communications are physical gestures, facial expression, body language. Verbal communication example When a child comes to me and say â€Å" can i please go to the toilet†- the child using words and sound that’s verbal communication while non verbal communication is when a child needs a toilet , comes to me a, and just pointed the door of the toilet. The child using body language to say he wants to go to the toilet. I didn’t hear anything no sound produced but still sending the message. How to deal professionally with differences and disagreements As we work with our colleagues we may have different opinions and personality that may cause differences and disagreements to deal with it as a member of a team we should learn how to compromise, accept, listen and respect to other ideas, be diplomatic in everything you say and do, respect each other’s opinion and be discretional. If the there have been misunderstanding or have not used appropriate tone or style or communication a prompt and sincere apology can diffuse situations. When there is disagreements it is best to talk about it in a calm manner, in appropriate place and having a mediator will help. If there are any disagreements with my colleagues or children parents, I will diplomatically discuss and talk the issues with the person I had disagreements with in a proper place and time with sensitivity, tact and with open mindless. I will ask if there anything I did that made somebody upset, and I will apologise if there’s  any. If after trying to reconcile with the person I had disagreements with and there’s still an issue, I will forward it to our deputy head teacher, he the one dealing with issues among staff. Dealing with people with speech difficulties In dealing with people with speech difficulties we can use visual aids; this means we can use pictures to point things out. We can use strong body language facial expression, and hand gestures or learn sign language. The best way to help a child with speech problems is to give them constant support. Support alone can be tremendous in boosting their confidence, which will in turn help their speech. There was a child I was working with that stutters, so when that child speaks to me I listen and give that child time to finish what he/she saying without interrupting. We Avoid corrections or criticisms such as â€Å"slow down,† â€Å"take your time,† or â€Å"take a deep breath.† These comments, however well-intentioned, will only make the child feel more self-conscious. We make talking fun for that child let that child express and talk in his own time and pace. Different language Different language can be dealt with by body language, facial expression and good eye contact. We can use translation and interpreting services. In my working setting I am dealing with a child who cannot speak English as she was from other country, I dealt with it by providing pictures of our daily routines and a strong body language, and facial expressions. Working alongside with translation and interpreting service I had documents to the basic words of the child language, example, hello, good morning. In my work setting we have a child that comes from different country and don’t even speak English, I support that child during dinner time; I use pictures and strong body language to let her understand the rules during dinner time. I asked other child to be a model a good example to her, I reminded the children â€Å"this is how we line up properly, and we need to show our new friend how to stay in line†. During library times I let her choose a book and she was pointing at the pictures of the book telling me the story using her own language. I acknowledge the child and gave her smile and a sticker for sharing the book in her language. A strong facial expression that I am happy . SHC 31-2.2 Environment/Location, it is important to think about location to communicate effectively, it is easier to exchange personal communication when the location is quite and calm. Example of this is when you are talking to a parent about their child’s school performance, you find a quite room, away from the other children, usually the meeting room provided in school and discuss about the matter. When working with children, like reading stories you have to be in a familiar place provided a book area in the nursery, a calm and quiet place and cosy so they could listen effectively. You can’t effectively read stories to a child if you are in a noisy area or a place with lots of distraction. In circle time we gather all the children in the carpet big enough for them to sit down, then before talking we made sure the children sat still and quite. Appropriate place is needed when sharing private information; other people might only want to share the information to you. Exchange information – when changing information, appropriate place is needed, when communicating you should have good eye contact appropriate body gestures/ facial expression and be clear and concise so the information you are sharing is well understood by the receiver. Allow the receiver to clarify your information like asking questions and giving feedback. A good example of this is when the teacher will ask you to do some task with the children. You as a receiver will ask questions to clarify what the teacher ask you to do and how many children involve and the learning objectives. As a parent if you ask the nursery provider to continue your child’s medication, you tell the staff what medicine, what time and how much your child needs to give a clear instruction you can write it one piece of paper. Body language as a communicator is it important to be sensitive to the body language between you and the person you’re communicating with. A child who sucks their thumb may be indicating he is nervous or tired while the adult who are tapping their fingers on the desk sends out â€Å"I’m bored† or â€Å"I’m frustrated† signal. Crossed arms are usually interpreted as meaning you are irritated or unsure whereas open body language-hands on the side, for example-may signal that someone is feeling relaxed. We should avoid crossing our arms when talking to everyone as it may make the atmosphere tense. Facial expression is a strong element of communication and we can show how  we feel through our faces. If a child has done something good we show we are happy by showing a smile, we can’t say â€Å"very good† with a sad face. With working with young children it is important to show high level of facial expression so they can interpret what we are saying of to help them maintain interest. With adults it is important to show that we are taking in what they are saying and we are interested or trying to convey. When communicating to a parent, keeping body language open and relax is a good way to show professionalism and when a challenging situation it helps eases the tension. Smiling is important to show warmth and peace. Smiling when you first meet the parents and children is important to make them feel relax and secure and this will start a positive relationship. SHC 31-3.2 Environment – it can be a barrier to effective communication when the location is noisy, very warm room or not the appropriate place to share information. Example if you are trying to talk to a friend about your problems, you need an appropriate place so others can’t listen, with a conversation to be flowing you need to have a quite noise level, with too much noise you won’t be able to hear each other. If you are telling a story to a group of children you have to make sure the room not too cold or too warm, the children are comfortable and no distractions such as noise so they will listen, they are more likely to be distracted if they aren’t comfortable. Culture and family background-it can be a barrier to effective communication because different culture and family background affects the way people use the methods of communication. Example in different countries eye contact may not be as common in some cultures or may be interpreted differently. People in different countries has different language, with this barrier we have translation and interpreting service. In the Philippines, communicating with the elders has a different way to show respect and politeness example of this is adding â€Å"po† and â€Å"opo† to the end of every sentence. Family background makes a difference and every family has its own way of communication. Some children will have to hear swearing at home others may be hearing more than language. Some children may be vibrant and noisy. Disabilities is a barrier to effective communication, some people cannot speak, hear or some don’t have mental ability to understand but this barrier have lots of ways to deal with, lots of communication methods such as Makaton. Makaton uses signs, symbols and speech to help people communicate. Signs are used, with speech, in spoken word order. This helps provide extra clues about what someone is saying. Using signs can help people who have no speech or whose speech is unclear. Using symbols can help people who have limited speech and those who cannot, or prefer not to sign. Today over 100,000 children and adults, use Makaton symbols and signs. Most people start using Makaton as children then naturally stop using the signs and symbols as they no longer need them. However, some people will need to use Makaton for their whole lives.( http://www.makaton.org/aboutMakaton/) Babies and children’s communication are still limited, visual images including pictures and photographs can help them communicate but also understand what we are saying. Example of this is in our classroom setting everything has signs and labels with pictures on it, they have pictures of their daily routine and pictures of their pegs etc. We have speech and language services to help us find ways in communicating with children and young people. Blind or visually impaired people can access written communication by using Braille. Confidence and self-esteem is a barrier to effective communication when a person is not confident to speak out or express his feelings and thoughts and is not confident to share his ideas or give feedback. Some people shy away from direct face to face contact .Being unable to adequately express your emotions or ideas causes a lowered sense of self-esteem because you keep your feelings trapped inside. This can be extremely frustrating and can cause feelings of depression and isolation. People with low self-esteem generally have less satisfying relationships and more social difficulties than people with a healthy level of self-esteem. Working with children in the nursery, we always encounter shy children specially when it’s their first day in nursery, we deal with this by approaching (being warm and friendly)a child not pressuring the child to speak , and being attentive to a child’s body language so we can give what he needs or what he’s feeling. In circle time some children like to speak out some are shy and would rather share his ideas privately, we can encourage every child to speak and listen by passing a toy around giving them instruction that if they are holding the toy it’s their time to share their ideas. Children that are shy and refuse  to speak will be encouraged but he won’t be pressured to do it, in time he is ready and comfortable to speak out he will do it on his own time. Lack of literacy and ICT knowledge is a barrier to effective communication because some people can’t read or write, some people don’t have access to computers, some doesn’t know how to use computers. We should not make assumptions that all people can access their emails, text or can read English or find it easy to write. We deal with it by asking somebody how you’d like to receive information, such as newsletters in the nursery. With this we know who send emails with. With those people who can’t read and write we can ask extra support how to transfer the message to them or might be some prefer to receive message by phone calls. Use appropriate language when communicating with a person we should know who we are communicating with so we can use appropriate language. When communicating with children we should use simple and clear language. We should be a role model; we should speak clearly and use appropriate facial expression and body language to avoid misunderstanding. As a role model we should avoid swearing in front of children as they can easily pick up these things. We should talk to children with respect as we expect them to respect us. When communicating with parents we should always be tact polite and professional even in a difficult situation. Misunderstanding can happened easily if we don’t use appropriate language, if this happens an apology will do. SHC 31-41, 4.3 Confidentiality is a set of rules keeping certain information secret or private in order to respect people’s rights. Example of confidentially are as follows,  Before taking photographs of children in the nursery, there should be a parent consent usually signed by parents, some parents doesn’t want photographs of their children displayed for safety reasons. Working with children at work, should not be discussed with a close friend or any person who has nothing to do with a child. All written information that relates to a child should be kept securely, example of this children’s work. Information should not be shared to other person if somebody who is not the parent of the child asking for it always check with the parent and ask for consent. Data protection act 1998 the keeping of records, storing of data and passing of information is actually strictly regulated by the data protection act 1998. The act covers both paper-based and electronic records. The act is designed to prevent confidential and personal information from being passed on without a person’s consent. This act originally applied only to information that was stored on computers but it has been updated to include any personal information that is stored, whether paper or electronically. Example of this are the information such as name , address, date of birth, telephone number or any relevant information to our setting should not be shared to other people, it should be stored in a proper place where it’s safe , this act applies as well to computer data. If some random person ask for the child’s address, as the data protection act we are not allowed to give this information to that person. The Freedom of Information Act The Freedom of Information Act gives you the right to ask any public sector organisation for all the recorded information they have on any subject. Anyone can make a request for information – there are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live. If you ask for information about yourself, then your request will be handled under the Data Protection Act. Organisations you can request information from You can request information from publicly funded organisations that work for the welfare of the whole population, eg: †¢government departments †¢local councils †¢schools, colleges and universities †¢health trusts, hospitals and doctors’ surgeries †¢publicly funded museums †¢the police †¢non-departmental public bodies, committees and advisory bodies Government departments post responses to freedom of information requests online. You can search through previous responses. View the full list of public authorities covered by the Freedom of Information Act. You can contact an organisation directly by letter or email to make a freedom of information (FOI) request. When making your request, you should include: †¢your name †¢an address where you can be contacted †¢a detailed description of the recorded information you want You have certain rights to environmental information under the Environmental Information Regulations. For example, you can request information about air or water quality, noise and waste as well as any policies, decisions or activities that could affect them. (https://www.gov.uk) Paper based information are stored in a file cabinet, a room usually next to the reception office, it is usually lock and you ask the secretary or the head teacher if you want to access them. SHC 31- 41,4.3 Atmosphere in the setting would create a tension and this would impact the relationship and the development of children Concerns regarding child’s welfare, tensions arise when a parent doesn’t feel secure or lack of trust to the people looking after their child or the other way around such as abuse. To deal with this tension, it’s important to build a good relationship, respect and open communication between parent and carer and must work together for the best care of a child. As a staff, if a parent has problems or concerns about her child it it’s important to deal with it with calmness and follow the procedures laid down in the setting regarding such situations. Pass information directly and quickly to the person in another organisation that has responsibility for dealing such concern. Confidentially should be retained, other staff, parents etc will not necessarily know anything about the concerns that have been raised. Where a child or young person is suspected of committing abuse, example of this is in form of bullying, biting or hitting. This tension could affect children involved and the parents and carer. To deal with this is to refer the schools, or the settings policy with regard to bullying or any abuse committed by the young person. Follow the schools or nurseries Behavioural management, explain to the children what acceptable behaviour and deal with it calmly, or report it to your manager or head teacher. For instance of a child in our nursery scratched another child’s face, we deal with it by giving the child who scratched another child face a time out, usually 3 mins for their age 3-4 years old, after that we talk to the child, explain that  what he done is not acceptable behaviour and let the child understand why, and let him apologise to the child he hurt. Later on we inform the child’s parent about their child action. With the child who has been hurt we deal with it by comforting the child, if there’s a mark we let somebody who is a first aid have a look, then file an accident form. We inform the parent about the incident but not revealing the identity of the child who hurt their child. We ensure that parents that the incident has been dealt with and will investigate further so it won’t happen again. Staff member witnessing another abusing a child or young person, when this happens this will create tension in the setting it is important to report it to the safeguarding officer directly. If ever I witness another staff member abusing a child or a young person I will report it immediately to the safeguarding officer so the case will be look into. To maintain confidentially I won’t spread what I witness to other staff or any person who has nothing to do with the situation. Where a crime has been committed we have partnership with other organisations to safe guard children and young people. Example scenario of this when a child confides in you that he/she is being abuse; you can deal with it by telling your safeguarding officer about it or your line manager and maintain confidentiality. Disclose something if you think the child in danger, you will be doing the best for the child if you disclose such information of a sensitive nature even if you feel you are breaking a confidence. Follow your setting’s regarding disclosure of abuse. Parents should have seen your settings child protection policy which will state that information will be disclose if it is deemed that a child is in any danger.