Vincent Romano Essays (692 words) - Economy, Education, Money

Vincent Romano Dr. Myers English 1301.4033 February 13, 2017 Pursuing the Dream Setting off for college is a fantasy for most American residents. Envision realizing that such a fantasy could turn into a reality yet without the money related weight of paying for it. Tennessee and Oregon are two expresses that assist inhabitants with getting somewhat nearer to that reality. At present, there are the main two states in the U.S. that offer free junior college training for qualified understudies. Moreover, a few nations offer free advanced degree to their residents with incredible achievement, and in certain nations, global understudies can seek free training. The U.S. Government should pay for the initial, two years of school training for each American resident for the accompanying reasons: government financing for advanced education will help close the monetary hole; it will situate the absolute best individuals into the correct spots to make a progressively prosperous economy; and, helped subsidizing will help lighten the measure of understudy obligation for youth ful grown-ups. The primary significant explanation the administration should pay for the initial, two years of school is that it will help close the hole in financial imbalance. Many distraught Americans dread the sticker price for school. As it is presently, capable yet oppressed understudies are not managed school openings. Along these lines, they are not prepared for more lucrative employments. Individuals that are in a lower level of pay are then not ready to go through recreation cash in the economy, contribute and do different things additional capital gives. In any case, permitting understudies free access to an advanced degree will permit them to have a hand up in monetary equity. As progressively oppressed Americans climb the budgetary stepping stool, the monetary hole will start to limit. Many top secondary school understudies will never find the opportunity to go to school despite the fact that they can succeed and add to society, on the grounds that numerous understudies originate from minority and low-salary homes that can't manage the cost of school. It isn't reasonable for someone naturally introduced to a terrible money related circumstance to be obstructed from their fantasy about setting off for college. The subsequent significant point is that a free, two-year school will situate the absolute best individuals into the correct spots to make an increasingly prosperous economy. America needs to be solid and world class. That implies it must have a solid economy. Numerous Americans would like to find a fantasy work in which the two of them are energetic about and can get by. Therefore, the legislature should confine financing for programs that spot individuals in the process of childbirth and low pay employments. The administration could reallocate cash into advanced education programs that spring individuals who are qualified into more lucrative employments. In this way, they will enable the economy to develop by getting more cash, going through more cash, and putting away more cash. At the end of the day, on the off chance that somebody flourishes in a single region that requires a degree which he/she can't manage, they are in all likelihood going to take a less qualified, lower payin g employment where they can begin procuring salary immediately. Finally, helped financing will assist with easing the measure of understudy obligation for youthful grown-ups. As of now, the understudy advance obligation in America is incredibly high and there are no indications of it easing back down. In the event that understudies are centered more around the measure of obligation they are amassing in school as opposed to concentrating on their investigations, this could be a significant barricade for them to succeed. This monetary weight could undoubtedly degrade a youthful understudy from their definitive dream and power his/her deliver settling on the hard decision of proceeding with their present way in school. With everything taken into account, if America needs to close the monetary hole, increment financial development, and ease understudy advance obligation then the U.S. Government should pay for the initial, two years of school instruction for each American resident. America was worked as the place that is known for new chances at life and the opportunity to pursue one's fantasy could be made increasingly plausible to all. At long last, if residents had free training rather than obligation, they could design their family's future all the more carefully, and invest energy living as opposed to pursuing obligation.

In 1957 the Common Essay -- Economics

In 1957 the Common In 1957 the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was delineated by the at that point six part states. The fundamental purpose behind the Common Agricultural approach was to make Agriculture an independent substance in The European Association. The six part conditions of the European Union proposed to do this by making a steady market for rural produce and simultaneously saving costs at a reasonable level for buyers. The leaders of the European Union (E.U) accepted that Agriculture was one of the most critical ventures inside the E.U; .and as a result concurred that uncommon consideration should have been centered around this territory of European strategy. â€Å"When the countries of Europe got together in the late 1950’s, horticulture was essential to their economies and even increasingly essential to their way of life and societies† (Wyn, G. 1997 pg6) The basic Agricultural arrangement which was at long last settled upon in 1962 furthermore, completely executed in 1967 is to date the most completely coordinated territory in European arrangement. â€Å"Agricultural strategy is the E.U’s most expand arrangement territory and has consistently been the focal point of interest† (Molle, Willem. T. M. 2001 pg 222) In outline the Common Agricultural approach had five fundamental points these were to * Increase Agricultural efficiency * Ensure a reasonable way of life for Farmers. * Stabilize farming markets. * Guarantee ordinary supplies of food. * Ensure sensible costs for customers. (Dinan, Desmond 1994 pg 326) The Common Agricultural approach supplanted the frameworks in each of the country states and the â€Å"guiding principals were (and are) * A solitary market-farming produce ought to have the option to move unreservedly all through the network. * Community inclination need ought to be given t... ...must be to additionally modernize the Regular Agricultural Policy and abstain from utilizing dated answers for fix present day farming issues. List of sources Dinan, D. (1999) Ever closer Union: An Introduction to European Coordination (second version) Houndmills: Macmillan Press Ltd. El-Agraa, Ali M, (2001) The European Union Economics and Policies, (sixth release) Harlow: Pearson. George, S and Bache, I (2001) Politics in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nugent, N. (2003) The Government and Politics of the European Union (fifth release) Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, Robert, (2001) The governmental issues and Economics of the European association (second release) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Wallace, H and Wallace W. (eds) (2000)Policy creation in the European Oxford: Oxford University Press Wyn, G. (1997) The Common Agricultural Policy Houndmills: Macmillan. In 1957 the Common Essay - Economics In 1957 the Common In 1957 the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was plot by the at that point six part states. The fundamental explanation behind the Common Agricultural strategy was to make Agriculture an independent substance in The European Association. The six part conditions of the European Union proposed to do this by making a steady market for rural produce and simultaneously saving costs at a reasonable level for customers. The leaders of the European Union (E.U) accepted that Agriculture was one of the most critical ventures inside the E.U; .and as a result concurred that uncommon consideration should have been centered around this territory of European strategy. â€Å"When the countries of Europe got together in the late 1950’s, horticulture was essential to their economies and even increasingly essential to their way of life and societies† (Wyn, G. 1997 pg6) The basic Agricultural arrangement which was at long last settled upon in 1962 furthermore, completely executed in 1967 is to date the most completely coordinated territory in European arrangement. â€Å"Agricultural strategy is the E.U’s most expand arrangement territory and has consistently been the focal point of interest† (Molle, Willem. T. M. 2001 pg 222) In rundown the Common Agricultural arrangement had five fundamental points these were to * Increase Agricultural profitability * Ensure a reasonable way of life for Farmers. * Stabilize horticultural markets. * Guarantee standard supplies of food. * Ensure sensible costs for purchasers. (Dinan, Desmond 1994 pg 326) The Common Agricultural approach supplanted the frameworks in each of the country states and the â€Å"guiding principals were (and are) * A solitary market-rural produce ought to have the option to move openly all through the network. * Community inclination need ought to be given t... ...must be to additionally modernize the Normal Agricultural Policy and abstain from utilizing dated answers for fix present day farming issues. List of sources Dinan, D. (1999) Ever closer Union: An Introduction to European Incorporation (second version) Houndmills: Macmillan Press Ltd. El-Agraa, Ali M, (2001) The European Union Economics and Policies, (sixth version) Harlow: Pearson. George, S and Bache, I (2001) Politics in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nugent, N. (2003) The Government and Politics of the European Union (fifth version) Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, Robert, (2001) The legislative issues and Economics of the European association (second version) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Wallace, H and Wallace W. (eds) (2000)Policy creation in the European Oxford: Oxford University Press Wyn, G. (1997) The Common Agricultural Policy Houndmills: Macmillan.

Fitting in at MIT as a Latino

Fitting in at MIT as a Latino I wont keep you in suspense, I feel like I fit in pretty well at MIT as a Latino. And a huge part of it is thanks to the ardent strides the MIT community takes to make everyone feel welcomed. There are plenty of Latino-centric organizations and clubs at MIT, with the  Latino Cultural Center acting as the central hub for Latino students and student organizations like: LUChA  (La Unión Chicana por Aztlán) MAES  (Latinos in Science and Engineering) APR (Association of Puerto Rican Students at MIT) SHPE  (Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers) If thats not enough, theres other, broader organizations like the Office of Minority Education, dedicated to providing professional and academic opportunities and resources to MITs students from minority groups. So its clear that MIT cares and that us MIT students care (most of these organizations are student-run) about making each other feel welcome, but an interesting question came to light at the Latino Cultural Centers annual Cena a la Seis during Family Weekend: do Latino parents feel welcome at MIT? I wont keep you in suspense for that question either, I dont know the answer. I would sure hope so. I know my mom immediately jumped on board with MIT and even became a Parent Connector and volunteering in campus events as well as helping to welcome incoming parents. She even made a MIT Familia Facebook group to answer questions Latino MIT parents may have. The guest speaker for the 2014 Cena a las Seis was MIT Professor Junot  Díaz. He spoke about his Dominican heritage and his experiences growing up and working through college. He mentioned that one of his biggest regrets was that during his Rutgers graduation, his mother came to see him but then left right afterwards. This was the first and only time she had gone to Rutgers campus to see him. She just didnt feel welcome as part of that community. And Junot Díaz stressed the importance of making ones family also feel welcome to their childs college community. He then praised MIT for doing just that: making MIT a place welcoming to both students and parents. The Cena a Las Seis is just another example of an event for both parents and students to have fun at. And it gets bigger and better with each year. 2013 Cena a Las Seis (photo from last years post, This Isnt Goodbye) 2014 Cena a Las Seis My mom with other Latina parents and Parent Connectors All in all, Cena a Las Seis and the rest of Family Weekend was a lot of fun. I cant wait for the next one. Left side: me and my family. Right side: my friend Will 17 and his family.

World War I (1914-1918) Was A War That Changed World History

World War I (1914-1918) was a war that changed world history forever. The technological, industrial, social and political advances that took place at beginning of the 20th century paved the way for today s world. And the parties involved in World War I used those advances to create one of the first modern wars. For those reasons World War I is referred to as many things including, an industrial war, a war of attrition, and as a total war. These aspects is what makes the war so revolutionary and groundbreaking and equally as devastating. A novel that helps illustrate each of these categories is All Quiet on the Western Front (1928), by Erich Maria Remarque. The author tells a German soldiers experiences through the war. The book does not†¦show more content†¦Another part of why WWI was an industrial war, not just because of the new technological advancements, but because of the numbers in man power. Like mass production in industry, soldiers were mass made. Industrialized warfare is mass war, fought by mass man. It is the anonymous and mass nature of industrialized warfare that makes it particularly absurd and senseless, as the individual soldier is no longer a heroic figure, but, like a worker in a vast industry, the soldier is merely a cog in a gigantic machine. (geopolicraticus.wordpress.com) The novel All Quiet on the Western Front, shows how World War I was an industrial war in many ways. Whenever the main character, Paul Baumer, is in the trenches, he witnesses or experiences firsthand the new weapons used in the war. Baumer was no stranger to chemical warfare, These first minutes with the mask decide between life and death: is it air-tight? I remember the awful sights in the hospital: the gas patients who in day-long suffocation cough up their burnt lungs in clots. (Remarque, pg 68). 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Sons And Lovers Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay - 1613 Words

Sons and Lovers: Psychoanalytic Criticism David Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age ten until he was sixty-six. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the working class by expressing her dissatisfaction with her husband’s dead job combined and his drinking habits. Sons and Lovers is an eye opening, semi-biographical novel written by D.H Lawrence, an English writer from the United Kingdom. The novel was D.H Lawrence’s third book published in 1913 by Gerald Duckworth and Company in London, England. Sons and Lovers is about a young boy named Paul (based off of D.H Lawrence), who grows up to become a man who is plagued by his emotional connection to his mother, which impacts his ability to form lasting relationships with other women. The book can be best understood using the psychoanalytic lens because many events and characters in the book are based on people in Lawrence’s life. Psychoanalytic criticism is a method of interpreting text that developed by Sigmund Freud that tells the reader about how literacy text is formed and the meaning of the formation. This criticism claims that literature is ambiguous, having a conscious (surfaceShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Criticism Of Sons And Lovers1597 Words   |  7 Pagesa financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the working class by expressing her dissatisfaction with her husband’s dead job combined and his drinking habits. 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Lawrence : Pilgrim Of The Apocalypse10205 Words   |  41 Pageshis assessments of Freud were that he was a pan-sexualist, that is, one ‘who makes sex accountable for everything,’ and his ‘reasoned’ assessment of Freud (and his work) was that he was a ‘psychiatric quack.’ Ironically, although sections in Sons and Lovers deal with situations that closely suggest what Freud called the Oedipus complex, Lawrence had written the book before he came to Freud’s work and before he mentioned Freud in his letters. Therefore, when we talk of the book’s oedipal quality

12 Literary Piece Free Essays

12 Literary piece that have Influenced the World 1. The Bible or the Sacred writings: This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia 3. We will write a custom essay sample on 12 Literary Piece or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. 4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs of English in early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer. 6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of US. This depicted the sad fate of slaves. This became the basis of democracy. 7. The Divine Comedy: (A Dante of Italy). This shows the religion and customs of early Italians. 8. El’ Cid Comedy: This shows the cultural characteristics of Spaniards and their national theory. 9. The Song of Roland: This includes the Doce Pares and Ronces Valles of France. It tells about the Golden Age of Christianity in France. 10. The Book of the Dead: This includes the cult of Osiris and the Mythology and theology of Egypt. 1. The Book of the Days: This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of Christian Religion. 12. One thousand and One Night of the Arabian Nights: from Arabia and Persia(Iran). It shows the ways of government of industries and of society of Arabia’s and Persians TOP 20 epics of the world 1. The Iliad by Homer (Greek) – Iliad is one of the most celebrated and well known epics of the w orld. It is believed to be written by in 9th century BC by Homer. This poem is based on the legend of Trojan war. Iliad means the tale of ilios or the tale of troy. It narrates the story of the Greek struggle to rescue Helen, from Trojans, the wrath of Achilles and subsequent destruction of Troy. 2. Mahabharata by Vyasa (Sanskrit) – Mahabharata is one of the great Indian epic compiled around 8th century BC. This epic poem has about one lakh couplets in Sanskrit and it can be considered as the longest epic poem of the world. This ancient epic deals with the rivalry between cousins – Kauravas and Pandavas – of a great ruling family of India . The armies of the two groups meet at the battleground at Kurushetra in which the Pandavas can destroy the Kauravas. The epic consists of thousands of mythical and historical stories 3. The Odyssey by Homer (Greek) – Odyssey is believed to be written in 9th century B. C by Homer the great Greek poet. It describes the exploits of the Odysseus during his homecoming after the fall of Troy. This great epic follows the Aristotelian conventions of epic poem. The poem describes the obstacles faced by Odysseus, varied tests of gods that he had undergone, his affair with nymph Calypso on the homecoming voyage, and his return to his kingdom. 4. Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto (Italian epic) Orlando Furioso is a famous epic with full of supernatural, allegorical and romantic adventures. The main theme of the epic is the war between Christians and pagans. Even though Ariosto, the writer, has depended much on the Graeco -Roman literary tradition of earlier writers for characters and incidents, it is a great epic poem due to his smooth versification and technical facility which make the poem vigorous and brilliant, with ironic and humorous contrasts. 5. Ramayana by Valmiki (Sanskrit) – Ramayana is a great Indian epic poem written in 5th century BC. It is the oldest and most popular epic of Indian sub continent, believed to be written by Valmiki. It is written in Sanskrit, one of the earliest Indo – European languages, and has around 2400 couplets in seven sections. Ramayana means â€Å"the journey of Rama†. It depicts the conflict between Rama, the incarnation of God Vishnu, and Ravana who can be taken as the representative of evil forces and the final victory of the God incarnated Rama in safeguarding the Dharma (Universal moral order). 6. The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (Italian epic) Divine Comedy is a celebrated epic poem written by Dante in 14th century. The narrator is lost in a forest. The poet narrator meets Virgil who guides him through the world after death. Virgil takes him through Hell. They go through the base of the purgatory and he can see the terraces of it where the sins of those who are ultimately to be saved are cleansed away. Then Beatrice guides him to the ultimate heaven. The poem ends w ith his moment of illumination and the vision of trinity. 7. Beowulf Anonymous (Old English) – Beowulf, one of the earliest epic of the world, is based on a Scandinavian legend. It was written around 750 AD by an anonymous writer and it has about 3000 lines. Beowulf, the great warrior hero, saves Horthgar, the king of Danes, from the attack of Grendel, a terrible monster, by killing it. Grendel’s mother attacks him to avenge the death of his son. In the fight, Beowulf kills the mother – monster also, but he gets a mortal wound in the fight and succumbs to it. This epic, the most celebrated survival from Old English  literature, is also the earliest extant poem in a modern European language. 8. Paradise Lost by John Milton (English) Paradise Lost is one of the greatest English literary epic based on the theme of fall of man given in the old Testament and it was written in 17th century by John Milton. The great poet wrote it † to justify the ways of god to man†. The epic poem begins with the the Satan’s devilish plans to to take revenge against god for his expulsion from heaven. Some critics has opined that Milton’s Sa tan is the hero of the epic poem due to the excellent depiction and exposition of that character. This epic is celebrated for Milton’s grand style, his interpretation of Biblical myth and Christian doctrine. . Shahname by Firdousi (Persian) – Shah Name is great Persian epic based on the historical and mythical accounts of around fifty Persian kings. Shah Name means â€Å"book of kings†. The epic begins the mythical creation of Persia and ends in the narration of the stories of historical kings. The most famous story of Shah Name is about the legendary king of Rostam and Sohrab, his son. 10. Aeneid by Virgil (Latin) – Aeneid is a great epic which is based on the legend of Aeneas. It is Roman nationalistic and patriotic poem which narrates the evolution of great Roman mpire. This poem shows great dramatic skill of high order and power of description. Aeneas decides to establish a secure kingdom for his people in Italy. During the long and perilous voyage fo r it their ships are wreaked on the coast of Africa. The Dido of Carthage invites them which prolongs their voyage. In the next voyage, they reach Latinum, ruled by Latinus. Aeneas marries his daughter Lavinia after killing Turanus, another suitor of her. He establishes a city of lavinium which becomes a base for great Roman empire later. 11. Theogony (Greek mythology) Theogony is a Greek epic poem which describe the mythical cosmogony. It can be used as a sorce book of Greek myhology which tells about the origin of cosmos and it evolution. 12. The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene is considered as the first epic poem in modern English literature. This allegoric poem is arranged as a story for a twelve day feast, held by the queen of the fairyland. It is a national epic of England aimed at glorifying Queen Elizabeth. 13. The Epic of Gilgamesh – The epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earliest epic poem of the world. It tells the story of Gilgamesh, the ruler of Uruk and his companion Enkidu whose exploits are the described. The epic is equally fascinating for the window it opened to the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian cultures. 14. Buddhacarita by Asvaghosha (Indian epic poetry ) – Buddhacharita is considered as an authoritative work on Buddha’s life. It describes the birth, early life , renunciation, and teaching of Buddha. It is written in Sanskrit and has originally 28 cantos in which only 13 have been properly preserved. 15. Pharsalia by Lucan (Roman history) The Pharsalia is a celebrated Roman epic poem based on the Battle of Pharsalus which was occurred in 48 B. C. It depicts the civil war between forces led by Julius Caesar and the forces of Pompey the Great. This historical poem is considered as one of the greatest epic poem in the Latin literature. 16. Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – The theme of this great work is man’s desire to transcend his physical limitations and his search for answers for eternal questions of mankind. 17. Raghuvamsa – Raghuvamsa describes the lives of the kings of the solar dynasty. It consists of 19 cantos. The epic chronicles the life of Rama and his ancestors. It is considered that Sanskrit epics have attained perfection in Raghuvamsa. 18. The Paradise Regained – The Paradise Regained is an epic poem from the master writer John Milton. It is not a sequel to Paradise Lost. The theme is the story of three temptations as revealed in the gospel of St. Luke. This epic is composed at the suggestion of Thomas Edward. 19. Don Juan – Don Juan is a the most effective and vigorous satire in the English literature. This poem reviews the social , political and economic condition of the Europe. It is a a kind of picturesque novel written in verse. The hero, don Juan ,wanders from one place to another and records his six adventures. Don Juan has visited Greece, Turkey, Russia, and England. 20. The Tale of Heiku – This is one of the most renounced Japanese epic poem based on the Buddhist law of impermanence. It tells the feud between two Japanese clans with elements of traditional folk narrative. Taira and Minemoto are the two clans mentioned in this great classic of medieval Japanese literature. How to cite 12 Literary Piece, Essay examples

Cultural Differences in Business

Question: Discuss about theCultural Differences in Business. Answer: Introduction The business arena is the best place to study the different kinds of culture. Culture reveals themselves in the situations like the economy in business which is at stake. The business practices comprise of the cultural attitudes that reflects the work, wealth, power and even communication. The cultural diversity greatly affects the business process involving people from around the world and the way we communicate greatly reflects our culture. In business, communication is the most important factor that provides successful execution and productivity of the business. Due to language disparities, there is loss in business deals as the people involved do not take interest to communicate and interact. Therefore, this leads to the analysis of different styles of communication that varies differently among people and therefore it is a real issue that reflects a business communication. Culture Differences in Business The culture is the key element in business and has an impact on the strategic business plan. Business involves the people and communication plays a vital role in the smooth functioning of the business process. It consists of the etiquettes, behaviour and ethics related to business (Shenkar, 2012). The business culture also encompasses the organizations values, beliefs, vision and working style. The business culture defines the communication between the staffs of cultural disparities at different levels. The values, norms and behaviour of the people have an emphasis on the business productivity and success (Brown, 2014). The awareness in people regarding the cultural differences is effective in communicating to people and in carrying out a business process. A clear understanding of the cultural disparity would help to mitigate the cross cultural issues. In country like Australia, people give importance to the words and the way of speaking (Ferraro Brody, 2015). As the business involv es the countries from across the globe, it is important to note how people behave and communicate while doing business. The understanding of the customer needs and proper delivery of services to them requires intense communication and overcoming of cultural barriers. For this, it is required to understand the cultural background of the customers that would help to adopt and provide them with better products and services. The cultural background of the target audience, company or organization and other aspects are important for the effective business communication. Effects of Cross-Culture on Business Communication Verbal and non-verbal communication affects business communication greatly. The words and gestures during a conversation have great importance in a business process. The cross-cultural barriers during meetings in business influence the business deals to a great extent. The business process consists of diverse cross cultured people so overcoming of the cultural barriers that help in the proper execution of the business process (Guffey Loewy, 2012). A persons perspective is important regarding how they view business in a society. The communication gap greatly hampers the business standards and meeting the requirement of their consumers (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). This imprints a bad impression on the business and fail in meeting the requirements of the business. Cross-Cultural Issues On a daily basis, cross cultural issues are reflected in business communication. The business expectations are not understood due to cultural disparities leading to failure of meeting standards in business. The language is the most vital and challenging aspect in the business arena (Welzer, Jaakkola, DruÃ… ¾ovec Hlbl, 2013). People coming from different cultural backgrounds speak different languages and misunderstandings occur. The people act impatient or aggressive while approaching a business meet that greatly affects business deals. The miscommunication arising due to different cultures and countries greatly affects business consuming lot of time (Adekola Sergi, 2016). The cross cultural differences greatly affect the internal business meetings as it reduces its proficiency (Adler Graham, 2017). There are problems arising due to misinterpretation among the people from different cultures and society while addressing business on a global basis. People intend to view their beliefs right and objecting out the other persons that raise serious cross cultural issues. The behaviour and body language is also a cross cultural issue affecting the business communication on a large scale. The different cultures have different body languages including facial expressions that also create misunderstandings while communicating during business deals. The non verbal communication also creates a barrier hindering business communication (Asante, Mike Yin, 2013). The analysis of cross cultural issues is important in business communication and in meeting standards of business. Communication Models to Analyse the Cultural Differences The Lewis Model This model is proposed by Richard Lewis plotting the culture of the whole world on a chart. It is used to study the cross cultural differences that affect business communication. The model is helpful in studying the cross cultural disparities in the world. The Lewis model shows different aspects of cross cultural communication and its analysis (Katan, 2014). The model shows how people behave differently coming from different cultural backgrounds. The model states how people from different cultures differ in aspects of handling interpersonal space, eye contact and silence. The model also reflected the different communication styles of people and their language patterns. It explains the views and perspective of people regarding truth as negotiable or truth and also their adaptations in different situations. Lewis addressed that cultural behaviour is a reflection of what we normally learn and inherit in the form of beliefs and values. It is the collection of the programming of mind and the power to distinguish members of one group of human from another. Lewis plotted the countries into three categories of linear actives, multi-actives and reactive variants. The countries under the linear active group consist of English speaking people comprising of Australia, Britain, New Zealand and North America. This group is easy to identify. The reactive group consists of Asian and present in all major countries. The multi actives are present in scattered form comprising of cultures from South America, Arab, Mediterranean, South Europe and cultures from Middle East. This categorization by Lewis was done to group the countries according to their behaviour patterns, traits, talkativeness, emotions, body language, work ethics, sociability and other commonalties (Neuliep, 2014). It also shows the descriptions under the categories and the areas where there is a need for change in the attitude. This model clearly states and explains the behaviour and attitude of people country wise and makes easy to study the cultural differences for effective communication in every aspects. Conclusion Cultural barrier is a big hindrance in business communication hampering the business execution process. In a business process, people come from across the globe. The cultural differences play an important role in the business process involving individuals, states and countries working together. Overcoming the cultural barriers and disparities would help to achieve the standards of business. In order to study the cultural differences and to make efficient business communication, Richard Lewis designed the widely accepted model. The Lewis model explains the attitudes of the countries and their values helping to study and understand the values of cross culture that would help to establish cultural norms in an effective business world. References Adekola, A., Sergi, B. S. (2016).Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge. Adler, N. J., Graham, J. L. (2017). Cross-cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy?. InLanguage in International Business(pp. 33-58). Springer International Publishing. Asante, M. K., Miike, Y., Yin, J. (2013).The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Brown, J. M. (2014). How Can Cultural Differences Affect Business Communication?.Small Business. Ferraro, G., Brody, E. K. (2015).Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Katan, D. (2014).Translating cultures: An introduction for translators, interpreters and mediators. Routledge. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Neuliep, J. W. (2014).Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. Shenkar, O. (2012). Beyond cultural distance: Switching to a friction lens in the study of cultural differences.Journal of International Business Studies,43(1), 12-17. Welzer, T., Jaakkola, H., DruÃ… ¾ovec, M., Hlbl, M. (2013). Cultural and Lingual Awareness for the Global Conceptual Modeling.Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXIV,251, 271.

The Story Behind The Atomic Bomb Essay Example For Students

The Story Behind The Atomic Bomb Essay The Story Behind The Atomic Bomb Essay Atomic Bomb August 6th, 1945, 70,000 lives were ended in a matter of seconds. The United States had dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Today many argue over whether or not the US should have taken such a drastic measure. Was it entirely necessary that we drop such a devastating weapon? Yes, it was. First, look at what was going on at the time the decision was made. The U.S had been fighting a massive war since 1941. Morale was most likely low, and resources were probably at the same level as morale. However, each side continued to fight, and both were determined to win. Obviously, the best thing that could have possibly have happened would have been to bring the war to a quick end, with a minimum of casualties. What would have happened had the A-bomb not been used? The most obvious thing is that the war would have continued. We will write a custom essay on The Story Behind The Atomic Bomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now U.S forces; therefore, would have had to invade the home island of Japan. Imagine the number of casualties that could have occurred if this would have happened Also, our forces would not only have to fight off the Japanese military, but they would have to defend themselves against the civilians of Japan as well. It was also a fact that the Japanese government had been equipping the commoners with any kind of weapon they could get their hands on. It is true that this could mean a Japanese citizen could have anything from a gun to a spear, but many unsuspecting soldiers might have fallen victim to a surprise spear attack! The number of deaths that would have occurred would have been much greater, and an invasion would have taken a much longer period of time. The Japanese would have continued to fight the US with all of what they had; spears, guns, knives, whatever they could get their hands on, just as long as they continued to fight the enemy. As mentioned before, it is a fact that some civilians had been ready to fight our military with spears! What made it possible that the Japanese would resort to using spears? Why wouldnt they use guns or other weapons? Well, the truth was, the government just didnt have the resources to give out a gun to just any citizen. US naval blockades are one of the major reasons that Japan was so low on resources, and a main point opponents of the decision to drop the bomb constantly bring up. Japan obviously was very low on resources. Japanese civilians were ready to die with spears in their hands, surely the military would do the same. Besides, the Japanese military did still have some resources to go on. So again I must bring out the fact that Japan could have continued to fight, and they would have. And Im sure anyone can realize what would happen if the war continued; more deaths. Admiral William Leahy, Chief of Staff to President Roosevelt and President Truman, wrote, By the beginning of September 1944, Japan was almost completely defeated through a practically complete sea and air blockade. If that was true, how could they have continued to fight and rack up enemy kills? If the Chief of Staff to the President figured they would soon surrender around September 1944; why were they still fighting almost a year later? And how can we be so sure that any other estimates on when the war would end would be correct? Basically, we cant. For all anyone knows, Japan would have kept fighting. It was the atomic bomb that forced Japan to surrender and in turn saved thousands if not millions of lives. How can anyone be so sure that Japan would continue to fight? No one can say exactly what would have happened, because lets face it, no one really knows. .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 , .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .postImageUrl , .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 , .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:hover , .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:visited , .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:active { border:0!important; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:active , .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8 .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c59d2dd765dbe2105bd824113b921a8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Octavio Ocampo Essay Its possible Japan was just about to surrender, but most evidence would not agree with that statement. Im sure most have heard of a group of men called the Kamikaze. Kamikaze were suicide pilots. They would load an airplane up with explosives and try to nose-dive it into an enemy target. Think about what must be on this pilots mind. Imagine the undying love he must have for his country. He would fight until the end, for his emperor and his country. The scary thing about this is the majority of the .

A review of economic growth and financial development literature

A review of economic growth and financial development literature Introduction It is the wish of every country to realize improved and sustainable economic growth and financial development in order to improve the living standards of the greatest majority among its citizenry. Improved economic and financial development is also central to a country’s ability to safeguard its survival in a world that is increasingly facing uncertainties, and unforeseeable risks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A review of economic growth and financial development literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For these reasons, countries with visionary and development conscious leaders devise the most feasible economic blueprints that can enable them to reach greater heights of economic and financial success. In reality, a developmental state is a product of superior economic design; not accident, chance, or miracle. That is the bitter truth that the world’s poor and developing countriesâ⠂¬â„¢ leaders must embrace or condemn their countries to terminal economic and financial stagnation. This paper is a review of China’s economic growth and financial development. Economic growth Economic growth refers to a rise in the capacity of a country to generate goods and services, as compared from one period of its history to another (Barro Sala-i-Martin 2004, p.52). Economic growth is measured in real and nominal terms (Cypher Dietz 2008, p.33). Nominal terms include inflation while real terms are adjusted for inflation. Comparative studies of economic growth of different countries use GDP or GNP per capita because these variables take into account population differences between countries (Cypher Dietz 2008, p.33). Economic growth is normally attributed to technological advancement in a given society (Barro Sala-i-Martin 2004, p.52). United States is a prime example where enormous economic growth was realised following the introduction of the internet technology. I t is pertinent to note that, the growth of a country’s economy should not be seen in terms of an increase in its productive capacity only, but also as an improvement in the quality of life of its citizenry. In short, economic growth is a process through which a country’s wealth accumulates over an extended period. Therefore, economic growth can best be thought of as a process of transformation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Fitzgerald, a country’s long-term sustainable economic growth depends on its ability to increase its pace of accumulating physical and human capital, to use the resulting productive assets more efficiently and guarantee the reach of the entire population to these assets (2006, p.1). Financial Development Financial development refers to the â€Å"creation and expansion of instruments, institutions and markets that support a country’s investment and economic growth process† (Fitzgerald 2006, p.1; King Levine 1993, p.3). Banks and non-banking financial intermediaries such as stock markets and pension funds â€Å"play the role of translating household savings into enterprise investment, keep an eye on investments and distribute funds, as well as, to price and mitigate risks† (Fitzgerald 2006, p.1). Financial intermediation provides liquidity so that companies can operate the new capacities efficiently. Some economists hold that, financial development and economic growth are intimately related (Jeanneney et al 2008, p.3). Financial development influences a country’s economic growth, and helps to alleviate poverty because economic growth is a potential way of reducing poverty (Jeanneney et al 2008, p.3). Financial development helps alleviate poverty indirectly by motivating growth, and directly by enhancing transactions and enabling the poor to gain from financial services that raise their income, which facilitate their ability to undertake productive investments and other activities. Literature review on China’s economic growth and financial development The People’s Republic of China, popularly known as China is the most populous country with over 1.3 billion citizens. It is situated in East Asia (LaFleur 2003, P.3). It is a de jure one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of China (CPC) (LaFleur 2003, P.3). China is the third largest country by a total area and the second largest by land area (LaFleur 2003, p.3). During 1990s, the international community started to acknowledge that China’s economy is self-motivated and rapidly growing; therefore, its swift growth would continue for some time (Chow 1994, p.1). Today, china is one of the fastest growing economies internationally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A review of economic growth and financial development literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1978 when economic liberalization was introduced in China, China’s investment and export-led economy has grown 90 times bigger and is currently the fastest growing leading economy in the world (Wang et al 2007, p.85; Bramall 2009, p.464). According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), during the period 2001-2010, China’s annual average GDP growth was 10.5 percent. This growth is anticipated to grow at 9.5 percent during the period 2011-2015 (Morrison 2011, p.2). Between 2007 and 2010; China’s economic growth rate was equivalent to all of the G7 countries put together (Morrison 2011, p.2). The link between economic growth and financial development has triggered a protracted debate from Smith to Schumpeter. According to research results over the years, financial development stimulates economic growth (Burzynska 2009, p.8). He argued that via the services that financial intermediaries bring about like mobilizing savings, containing risk and enhancing transactions technological and economic development is motivated (Burzynska 2009, p.8). For him, financial intermediaries facilitate technological innovation. Technological advancement according to Schumpeter is a process of continuous substitution of old production methods and goods with improved processes, services and goods by innovation and invention (Burzynska 2009, p.8). It has long been agreed amongst economists that financial institutions can enhance economic growth. For instance, Hicks put emphasis on capital formation, which he argued can be influenced by financial intermediaries by either changing savings rate or by redistributing savings among different capital generating technologies. There are, however, distinguished economists who oppose the view that financial developments stimulate economic growth. For example, for Robinson an economy in which enterprise is leading finance development follows (Robinson 1952, p.4 3). In other words, financial development takes place as an automatic response to rising varied financial needs. Other scholars were concerned that economists overemphasized the importance financial factor in economic growth (Lucas 1988, p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial intermediaries play six main roles. First, they pool household savings and make them available for lending (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Doing so reduces transaction costs for firms, as well as, households themselves. Secondly, financial intermediaries distribute savings and decide who gets loans (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Thirdly, financial institutions mitigate the overall risks of doing business by way of spreading investor’s funds among the diverse investment opportunities. Fourth, they produce liquidity. Fifth financial in situations facilitate trade by extending credit and guaranteeing payment (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Finally, they exert corporate control and monitoring of managers. A properly functioning financial system should ensure increased savings and investments which either via capital accumulation or technological change leads to rise in output and consequently economic growth (Burzynska 2009, p.9). China’s outstanding economic growth during the last two de cades has attracted considerable attention particularly from economists. Most empirical studies show that improvement in China’s productivity can account for an important portion of its striking growth (Morrison 2011, p.5). The source of China’s remarkable growth has two aspects namely domestic and international even though the two are intimately related. Since 1978, China backed free trade and gradually removed trade restrictions. The government transformed its policy of management of foreign trade by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and gave provincial governments a substantial autonomy in foreign trade and permitted private sector to take part in foreign trade (Morrison 2011, p.2; Chow 2005, p1). According to Chow (2005), during the period 1978 to 2002, total volume of exports and imports rose from $ 20.64 billion to a staggering $620.8 billion in 2002. This accounted for 65 % of china’s GDP and a growth rate of 35% annually (Chow 2005, p.1). Consequently, China became the third largest trading economy behind Germany and the United States. Presents Chinese exports are found all over the world. In the year 2001, China acquired World trade Organization membership. WTO pushed it to lower its tariffs for manufactured and agricultural products (Chow 2005, p.1; Bao et al 2006, p.181). The lowering of tariffs helped to increase competition among Chinese manufacturers and farmers and ended up providing inexpensive products for Chinese consumers. According to Chow (2005), foreign trade has boosted China’s economic growth in three aspects. International specialization, which occurs as each country produces the goods for which it has a comparative advantage in generating, has enabled China to procure more goods than by national production only (Chow 2005, p.1). Secondly, exports are a part of aggregate demand and rise in cumulative demand has helped China to raise its national output. Thirdly, trade in conjunction with foreign investment has b rought in modern technology and methods of management that has increased China’s productivity (Chow 2005, p.1). Another major cause of China’s economic growth was an increase in foreign investment, and domestic investments (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.5; Zhang 1995, p.2). Even though available statistics show that private consumption fell from 49 percent of GDP in 1990 to 35 % in 2008, investment increased from 35% to 44 percent of GDP by the same date (Chow 2005, p.2). According to Clow (2005), flow of physical capital in the form of foreign direct Investment (FDI) has been exemplary in advancing China’s economic growth. After the introduction of the 1978 economic reforms, China’s foreign investment policies have positively changed. The 1978 economic reforms became a point of departure for China from seeing foreign investment as a form of exploitation by outsiders, to embracing it for purposes of China’s economic growth and development (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.2). For instance, in 2001, an amount of FDI of $ 49.7 billion dollars was utilized while in 2003 $ 56.1 billion was utilized. Foreign investment has helped China’s economic growth through the provision of physical and financial capital, new technology and managerial skills to China (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.5). Through the 1978 reforms the government also encouraged individual citizens to start their own businesses. Additionally, control of prices for various commodities by the state was gradually removed. Clow, however, points out that, foreign investment is not a basic economic factor in China’s outstanding economic growth, but only a vehicle boosting that growth (Chow 2005, p.2). Instead, there are three significant factors including availability of high quality human resources, which comprise properly trained and hardworking labourers, and creative entrepreneurs. Adequately properly functioning market institutions and chinaâ€⠄¢s standing as a late comer who can embrace new technology from the already developed countries (Chow 2005, p.3). These three fundamental factors have enabled china to create a centre of attention for foreign investors. Moreover, the investors would have invested their capital in other economies. Today, China is exporting capital to developing countries, as well as, United States. For instance, Chinese investment has boosted economic development of some African and Asian countries. Morrison has attributed China’s swift economic growth to two main factors namely large-scale capital investments and a swift productivity growth (Morrison 2011, p.5). These capital investments were financed by both foreign investments and domestic savings. Economists view these two factors as having moved hand in hand. Economic reforms resulted into higher efficiency in China’s economy, which in turn, enhanced national output and raised resources for additional investment within the economy (Morrison 2011, p.5). Furthermore, economists have concluded that productivity growth, or increases in efficiency have been a fundamental factor in China’s striking economic growth. This improved productivity is attributed to reallocation of resources to more productive areas particularly sectors that were previously strictly controlled by the government like services, trade and agriculture (Morrison 2011, p.5). For example, improvements in agriculture promoted production and set workers free to pursue employment in a more dynamic manufacturing sector (Morrison 2011, p.5). In addition, economic decentralization encouraged the rise of private companies. The private firms that emerged tended to follow more productive activities than the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), and were more market-oriented and for this reason more efficient (Morrison 2011, p.5). The export sector of the Chinese economy got exposed to competition. Provincial and Local governments were permitted to estab lish and run a wide range of enterprises based on market forces and principles, without central government interference (Morrison 2011, p.5). Additionally, China has attained high rates of total factor productivity than even most of the developed economies including United States. These high rates of TFT growth are attributed to China’s ability to reach and make use of existing foreign technology and expertise. Apart from the causes of rapid Chinese economic growth reviewed above, economists have explored the role played by financial development in boosting economic development in China over the two last decades. Like other sectors, since the introduction of the 1978 economic reforms, the Chinese financial sector has experienced fundamental changes. For example, the place of mono banking was taken over by commercial banking; stock markets emerged; and modern regulatory bodies were established (Burzynska 2009, p.11; Zhang 2008, p.12). Stock markets were introduced in China in 1990. Stock markets were established in main cities including Shanghai which is a China’s oldest financial centre and Shenzhen, a fast growing city in the southern part of china for purposes of balance (Burzynska 2009, p.13). More than 75 percent of stock trading takes place in shanghai and the rest in Shenzhen. Unfortunately, even though indexes may reach greater heights and transactions prosper within China’s stock markets, some shares are not tradable (Burzynska 2009, p.14). For example, combined capitalization of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as at the end of 2007 was 133% of GDP even though only 37% of GDP was tradable (Burzynska 2009, p.13). Furthermore, stock in china is more of a political affair and thus plays a minor role in financing enterprises. Politics within the stock market has led to incorrect pricing of the stock with overpricing and under pricing alternating depending on the prevailing political conditions (Burzynska 2009, p.13). Loans offered 80% of financing compared to 13% of equity in year 2007. Foreign companies are only permitted to obtain loans from banks only and can not borrow from other companies. According to Burzynska (2009), even though the debt market in china is developing it is considerably narrow, fragmented and inadequate in liquidity. It was not until 1990 that the government started to take charge of and control the bond markets seriously, which began unofficially in 1980s (Burzynska 2009, p.15). In 1997 trading of government bonds was started on the inter-bank market. The corporate bond market was reserved for various SOEs, and a considerable period remained remarkably small (Burzynska 2009, p.14). The government and policy banks issue most of the bonds. However, the volume of bonds traded has grown significantly especially since 1998 due to expansionary monetary policies (Burzynska 2009, p.14). For example, as of the end of year 2007 total bond issuance accounted for 32% of GDP (Burzynska 2009, p.14) . In a nut shell, it is the Chinese banking sector that plays the most significant role within the Chinese financial sector and is thought to have the strongest link with economic growth. Chinese financial system has numerous banking institutions. Hence, over the last decade total bank loans have accounted for over 105% of GDP (Burzynska 2009, p.15). China’s banking sector is categorized into four principal types of banks including commercial banks, state owned banks, foreign banks and rural credit cooperatives (Burzynska 2009, p.15). There are also non-banking institutions. The People’s Bank of China has served as the central bank of china since 1983. It formulates and put into practice monetary policies and controls financial markets (Burzynska 2009, p.16). However, it is not an independent entity because the government has apparent control over expansion of new financial products and levels related to interests rates on loans. The momentous question today revolves a round whether the relatively weak financial intermediaries in China have been a fundamental contributing factor to China’s rapid economic growth. Influential economists, some of which are respected authorities on Asian economic studies, have positively focused on the role of China’s financial system in its rapid economic growth. Others had used the case of China’s outstanding economic growth to prove that financial development follows economic growth given the fact that, by the time china was emerging as a dynamic economy, its financial system was poorly developed. Therefore, for such scholars current financial development is merely responding to presently required financial arrangements in a growing economy. There is, however, evidence showing that Chinese has historically maintained a high of savings even in the absence of a properly developed financial system. For example, when economic reforms were introduced in 1978 domestic savings stood at 32% of GDP (Mor rison 2011, p.5). Even though, much of these savings were produced by profits of SOEs, the 1978 economic reforms which entailed economic decentralization, resulted into a considerable rise in Chinese household savings, as well as, company savings (Morrison 2011, p.5). Consequently, Chinese gross savings as a proportion of GDP have drastically grown; it reached 53.9% in 2010; therefore, is one of the highest savings rates in the world (Morrison 2011, p.5). According to Morrison (2011), the high level of savings has allowed China to boost national investment. It is estimated that Chinese domestic saving margins surpass its domestic investment levels making China one of the largest net global lenders (Morrison 2011, p.5). Therefore, there is no dispute that financial intermediaries have contributed to Chinese rapid economic growth especially during the years following initialization of the 1978 economic reforms. These reforms apparently created a developmental space in which competitio n within the financial sector could thrive, and in the long run enabled it to contribute to China’s astounding economic growth. There is empirical evidence showing that financial development has significantly contributed to China’s high rates of total factor production (Guillaumont et al 2008, p.3). Empirical evidence has continually shown that financial development promotes China’s productivity by increasing efficiency. Financial development caused a positive and significant impact on efficiency both through expansion of credit to the private sector and through promotion of competition within the financial sector, which in turn robustly promotes China’s productivity growth (Guillaumont et al 2008, p.3; Hasan et al 2007, p.4; Calomiris 2007, p.364). However, economists, such as Maswana, have asserted that China’s rapid economic growth and financial development outcomes are irreconcilable because; its financial system is seriously weak and inefficie nt (Maswana 2008, p.1). Avid critics of the said link between China’s remarkable economic growth and its financial development cite intermediation inefficiencies such as non-performing loans and government controlled loan allocation (Maswana 2008, p.2). Conclusion China’s economic growth is certainly remarkable and hence the enormous attention it has attracted among influential economic scholars across the globe. More literature on China’s economic growth and financial development will keep on surfacing, since its rapid economic growth rate is anticipated to continue for a considerable period in the foreseeable future. This argument is anchored on the fact that there is an unresolved debate on the connection between China’s rapid economic growth and its financial development. However, it expected that as China’s technological advancement starts to catch up with that of principal developed countries, its level of productivity advantages and real GDP growth could slow considerably from its spectacular 10% economic growth rate, unless China transforms itself into a centre of new innovation and technological revolution. Furthermore, thriving of business in all sectors especially with regard to foreign investment depends largely on government’s ability to implement free-trade policies, which are in line with WTO principles. References Bao, S., Lin, S., Zhao, C., 2006. The Chinese economy after WTO accession. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Barro, J., Sala-i-Martin, X., 2004. Economic growth. New York, NY: MIT Press. Bramall, C., 2009. Chinese economic development. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Burzynska, K., 2009. Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Chinese Banking Sector. [Online] Available at: nek.lu.se/NEKfng/Financialdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.pdf . Calomiris, C. W., 2007. Chinas financial transition at a crossroads. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Chow, C., 1994. Understanding C hinas economy. London: World Scientific. Chow, C., 2005. Globalization and China’s Economic and Financial Development. [Online] Available at: www.princeton.edu//Globalization%20and%20China9%208%2005.pdf . Cypher, M., Dietz, L., 2008. The process of economic development. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Guillaumont, S., Hua, P., Liang, Z., 2008. Financial Development, Economic Efficiency and Productivity Growth: Evidence from China. [Online] Available at: lingnan.net/news2/fujian/2006321125013Liang_abstract.pdf . Hasan, I., Wachtel, P., Zhou, M., 2007. Institutional Development, Financial Deepening and Economic Growth: Evidence from China. [Online] Available at: http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/emplibrary/7-17.pdf-Hasan . Jeanneney. G., Kpodar, J., International Monetary Fund. African Dept. 2008. Financial development and poverty reduction: can there be a benefit without a cost. New York, NY: International Monetary Fund. King, R.G., Levine, R., 1993. Finance and Growth: Schumpeter M ight Be Right. [Online] Available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/1083.html . LaFleur, R. A., 2003. China: a global studies handbook. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Lucas, E., 1988. On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary  Economics, 22(6), pp. 3-42. Maswana, J., 2008. China’s Financial Development and Economic Growth: Exploring the Contradictions. [Online] Available at: eurojournals.com/irjfe_19_07.pdf Morrison. M., 2011. China’s Economic Conditions. [Online] Available at: fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf . Robinson, J., 1952. The rate of interest and other essays. London: Macmillan. Wang, G., Wong, J., National University of Singapore East Asian Institute. 2007. Interpreting Chinas development. London: World Scientific. Zhang, A., 1995. Economic Growth and Human Development in China. [Online] Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1996/papers/amei_zhang.pdf Zhang, J., 2008. China’s Economic Growth. Trajectories and Ev olving Institution  Washington DC United Nations University.

History Of Olympics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History Of Olympics - Coursework Example One of the major characteristics of the ancient Greeks was their nature of competitiveness. The Greeks laid a lot of emphasis for confrontations and rivalry in the area. They majorly competed in creativity and physical and intellectual development. The prizes included olive, humble wreaths of laurel and crowns among others. These competitions culminated into dancing and songs in the honor of their God. The physical development, later on, emerged as athletics competitions. Comparison The ancient Olympic allowed people of Greek descent only to participate. On the other hand, the Olympic today features all countries in the world. Only men were allowed to take part in the ancient Greek games. Athletic in ancient Olympics was part of every free male citizen's education. In the modern day Olympics, women and men are given a similar platform for competition. Lastly, the ancient Olympic Games were a religious event in the honor of the Greek God, Zeus. On the other hand, modern day Olympic ga mes are professional affairs majorly for recreation and a source of income. Women participating As it has been stated, women were not allowed to compete in the ancient Olympics. In this case, it was rare to find a woman contestant in the Greece Olympics. However, there exists evidence that girls ran in the Olympics. Periegesis Hellados, in his description of Greece, declares that females run in the Olympic to honor the goddess Hera. Evidence on the rules applied to women participating in the Olympic can be depicted from a bronze statue.

Market Analysis of Coca Cola as a Global Brand Assignment

Market Analysis of Coca Cola as a Global Brand - Assignment Example The discussion seeks to answer the question: Why in the world, among the different categories and sectors of the global market, Coca Cola has happened to successfully penetrate and retain its market internationally and become the most valuable brand at the global scale level? The Coca Cola as a brand is not limited only to its Coca Cola soft drinks. As mentioned earlier, it encompasses a wide array of categories of beverages like soft drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks, water, ready – to – drink juices, teas, as well as coffees. Moreover, Coca Cola has managed to venture their products into new opportunities through different product variants in these different categories of beverages. The Coca Cola products are not without issues. In point of fact, a worldwide hate campaign, Killer Coke, is formed against The Coca Cola Company and is calling to boycott its products. Primarily, its products are criticised for their adverse possible negative effects on health among its consumer as a carbonated and sweetened drink. It produces nothing but products detrimental to health which can lead to death. Since Coca Cola products are high in sugar and calorie content, they fuel the prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the whole world. Some of chemical components and food dyes used in these products are identified to cause cancer. Caffeine, a substance causing physical dependence, is also present in these products. Nonetheless, in the soft drink category, Pepsi, RC Cola, and other local competitor brands are just behind Coca Cola. Despite the issues faced by Coca Cola, its consumers across the globe remain loyal to the brand and the brand has managed to be on top among the other sectors of beverages. Each of the Coca Cola products is positioned to target specific market. For example, the original version of Coke is not only serving as refreshment for an individual but is seen as a special part of the modern times. It functions as means of bonding to family as well, especially when having the traditional dining. While on the one hand, Diet Coke and Coke Zero target those who are health conscious and do not want to gain additional weight due to drinking soft drinks. Coke Zero is positioned as a no sugar and no calorie version of Coke. For those who do not want to ingest caffeine, there is also Caffeine – Free Coca Cola. For those who still want a fruity taste of soda, Coca Cola has its cherry, lime, citra, light sango and orange soda variants. For those who are not into soft drinks, Coca Cola also has ventured in RTD juices like Minute Maid which is positioned as a product with real pulps of fruits like orange. Because of the pulps in Minute Maid, it is considered by the consumers as a healthy citrus drink in the beverage sector. The Coca Cola Company has a

Shared Memory MIMD Architectures

Shared Memory MIMD Architectures Introduction to MIMD Architectures: Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) machines have a number of processors that function asynchronously and independently. At any time, different processors may be executing different instructions on different pieces of data. MIMD architectures may be used in a number of application areas such as computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modeling, and as communication switches. MIMD machines can be of either shared memory or distributed memory categories. These classifications are based on how MIMD processors access memory. Shared memory machines may be of the bus-based, extended, or hierarchical type. Distributed memory machines may have hypercube or mesh interconnection schemes. MIMD A type of multiprocessor architecture in which several instruction cycles may be active at any given time, each independently fetching instructions and operands into multiple processing units and operating on them in a concurrent fashion. Acronym for multiple-instruction-stream. Bottom of Form (Multiple Instruction stream Multiple Data stream) A computer that can process two or more independent sets of instructions simultaneously on two or more sets of data. Computers with multiple CPUs or single CPUs with dual cores are examples of MIMD architecture. Hyperthreading also results in a certain degree of MIMD performance as well. Contrast with SIMD. In computing, MIMD (Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) is a technique employed to achieve parallelism. Machines using MIMD have a number of processors that function asynchronously and independently. At any time, different processors may be executing different instructions on different pieces of data. MIMD architectures may be used in a number of application areas such as computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modeling, and as communication switches. MIMD machines can be of either shared memory or distributed memory categories. These classifications are based on how MIMD processors access memory. Shared memory machines may be of the bus-based, extended, or hierarchical type. Distributed memory machines may have hypercube or mesh interconnection schemes. Multiple Instruction Multiple Data MIMD architectures have multiple processors that each execute an independent stream (sequence) of machine instructions. The processors execute these instructions by using any accessible data rather than being forced to operate upon a single, shared data stream. Hence, at any given time, an MIMD system can be using as many different instruction streams and data streams as there are processors. Although software processes executing on MIMD architectures can be synchronized by passing data among processors through an interconnection network, or by having processors examine data in a shared memory, the processors autonomous execution makes MIMD architectures asynchronous machines. Shared Memory: Bus-based MIMD machines with shared memory have processors which share a common, central memory. In the simplest form, all processors are attached to a bus which connects them to memory. This setup is called bus-based shared memory. Bus-based machines may have another bus that enables them to communicate directly with one another. This additional bus is used for synchronization among the processors. When using bus-based shared memory MIMD machines, only a small number of processors can be supported. There is contention among the processors for access to shared memory, so these machines are limited for this reason. These machines may be incrementally expanded up to the point where there is too much contention on the bus. Shared Memory: Extended MIMD machines with extended shared memory attempt to avoid or reduce the contention among processors for shared memory by subdividing the memory into a number of independent memory units. These memory units are connected to the processsors by an interconnection network. The memory units are treated as a unified central memory. One type of interconnection network for this type of architecture is a crossbar switching network. In this scheme, N processors are linked to M memory units which requires N times M switches. This is not an economically feasible setup for connecting a large number of processors. Shared Memory: Hierarchical MIMD machines with hierarchical shared memory use a hierarchy of buses to give processors access to each others memory. Processors on different boards may communicate through inter nodal buses. Buses support communication between boards. We use this type of architecture, the machine may support over a thousand processors. In computing, shared memory is memory that may be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them or avoid redundant copies. Depending on context, programs may run on a single processor or on multiple separate processors. Using memory for communication inside a single program, for example among its multiple threads, is generally not referred to as shared memory IN HARDWARE In computer hardware, shared memory refers to a (typically) large block of random access memory that can be accessed by several different central processing units (CPUs) in a multiple-processor computer system. A shared memory system is relatively easy to program since all processors share a single view of data and the communication between processors can be as fast as memory accesses to a same location. The issue with shared memory systems is that many CPUs need fast access to memory and will likely cache memory, which has two complications: CPU-to-memory connection becomes a bottleneck. Shared memory computers cannot scale very well. Most of them have ten or fewer processors. Cache coherence: Whenever one cache is updated with information that may be used by other processors, the change needs to be reflected to the other processors, otherwise the different processors will be working with incoherent data (see cache coherence and memory coherence). Such coherence protocols can, when they work well, provide extremely high-performance access to shared information between multiple processors. On the other hand they can sometimes become overloaded and become a bottleneck to performance. The alternatives to shared memory are distributed memory and distributed shared memory, each having a similar set of issues. See also Non-Uniform Memory Access. IN SOFTWARE: In computer software, shared memory is either A method of inter-process communication (IPC), i.e. a way of exchanging data between programs running at the same time. One process will create an area in RAM which other processes can access, or A method of conserving memory space by directing accesses to what would ordinarily be copies of a piece of data to a single instance instead, by using virtual memory mappings or with explicit support of the program in question. This is most often used for shared libraries and for Execute in Place. Shared Memory MIMD Architectures: The distinguishing feature of shared memory systems is that no matter how many memory blocks are used in them and how these memory blocks are connected to the processors and address spaces of these memory blocks are unified into a global address space which is completely visible to all processors of the shared memory system. Issuing a certain memory address by any processor will access the same memory block location. However, according to the physical organization of the logically shared memory, two main types of shared memory system could be distinguished: Physically shared memory systems Virtual (or distributed) shared memory systems In physically shared memory systems all memory blocks can be accessed uniformly by all processors. In distributed shared memory systems the memory blocks are physically distributed among the processors as local memory units. The three main design issues in increasing the scalability of shared memory systems are: Organization of memory Design of interconnection networks Design of cache coherent protocols Cache Coherence: Cache memories are introduced into computers in order to bring data closer to the processor and hence to reduce memory latency. Caches widely accepted and employed in uniprocessor systems. However, in multiprocessor machines where several processors require a copy of the same memory block. The maintenance of consistency among these copies raises the so-called cache coherence problem which has three causes: Sharing of writable data Process migration I/O activity From the point of view of cache coherence, data structures can be divided into three classes: Read-only data structures which never cause any cache coherence problem. They can be replicated and placed in any number of cache memory blocks without any problem. Shared writable data structures are the main source of cache coherence problems. Private writable data structures pose cache coherence problems only in the case of process migration. There are several techniques to maintain cache coherence for the critical case, that is, shared writable data structures. The applied methods can be divided into two classes: hardware-based protocols software-based protocols Software-based schemes usually introduce some restrictions on the cachability of data in order to prevent cache coherence problems. Hardware-based Protocols: Hardware-based protocols provide general solutions to the problems of cache coherence without any restrictions on the cachability of data. The price of this approach is that shared memory systems must be extended with sophisticated hardware mechanisms to support cache coherence. Hardware-based protocols can be classified according to their memory update policy, cache coherence policy, and interconnection scheme. Two types of memory update policy are applied in multiprocessors: write-through and write-back. Cache coherence policy is divided into write-update policy and write-invalidate policy. Hardware-based protocols can be further classified into three basic classes depending on the nature of the interconnection network applied in the shared memory system. If the network efficiently supports broadcasting, the so-called snoopy cache protocol can be advantageously exploited. This scheme is typically used in single bus-based shared memory systems where consistency commands (invalidate or update commands) are broadcast via the bus and each cache snoops on the bus for incoming consistency commands. Large interconnection networks like multistage networks cannot support broadcasting efficiently and therefore a mechanism is needed that can directly forward consistency commands to those caches that contain a copy of the updated data structure. For this purpose a directory must be maintained for each block of the shared memory to administer the actual location of blocks in the possible caches. This approach is called the directory scheme. The third approach tries to avoid the application of the costly directory scheme but still provide high scalability. It proposes multiple-bus networks with the application of hierarchical cache coherence protocols that are generalized or extended versions of the single bus-based snoopy cache protocol. In describing a cache coherence protocol the following definitions must be given: Definition of possible states of blocks in caches, memories and directories. Definition of commands to be performed at various read/write hit/miss actions. Definition of state transitions in caches, memories and directories according to the commands. Definition of transmission routes of commands among processors, caches, memories and directories. Software-based Protocols: Although hardware-based protocols offer the fastest mechanism for maintaining cache consistency, they introduce a significant extra hardware complexity, particularly in scalable multiprocessors. Software-based approaches represent a good and competitive compromise since they require nearly negligible hardware support and they can lead to the same small number of invalidation misses as the hardware-based protocols. All the software-based protocols rely on compiler assistance. The compiler analyses the program and classifies the variables into four classes: Read-only Read-only for any number of processes and read-write for one process Read-write for one process Read-write for any number of processes. Read-only variables can be cached without restrictions. Type 2 variables can be cached only for the processor where the read-write process runs. Since only one process uses type 3 variables it is sufficient to cache them only for that process. Type 4 variables must not be cached in software-based schemes. Variables demonstrate different behavior in different program sections and hence the program is usually divided into sections by the compiler and the variables are categorized independently in each section. More than that, the compiler generates instructions that control the cache or access the cache explicitly based on the classification of variables and code segmentation. Typically, at the end of each program section the caches must be invalidated to ensure that the variables are in a consistent state before starting a new section. shared memory systems can be divided into four main classes: Uniform Memory Access (UMA) Machines: Contemporary uniform memory access machines are small-size single bus multiprocessors. Large UMA machines with hundreds of processors and a switching network were typical in the early design of scalable shared memory systems. Famous representatives of that class of multiprocessors are the Denelcor HEP and the NYU Ultracomputer. They introduced many innovative features in their design, some of which even today represent a significant milestone in parallel computer architectures. However, these early systems do not contain either cache memory or local main memory which turned out to be necessary to achieve high performance in scalable shared memory systems Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) Machines: Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) machines were designed to avoid the memory access bottleneck of UMA machines. The logically shared memory is physically distributed among the processing nodes of NUMA machines, leading to distributed shared memory architectures. On one hand these parallel computers became highly scalable, but on the other hand they are very sensitive to data allocation in local memories. Accessing a local memory segment of a node is much faster than accessing a remote memory segment. Not by chance, the structure and design of these machines resemble in many ways that of distributed memory multicomputers. The main difference is in the organization of the address space. In multiprocessors, a global address space is applied that is uniformly visible from each processor; that is, all processors can transparently access all memory locations. In multicomputers, the address space is replicated in the local memories of the processing elements. This difference in the address s pace of the memory is also reflected at the software level: distributed memory multicomputers are programmed on the basis of the message-passing paradigm, while NUMA machines are programmed on the basis of the global address space (shared memory) principle. The problem of cache coherency does not appear in distributed memory multicomputers since the message-passing paradigm explicitly handles different copies of the same data structure in the form of independent messages. In the shard memory paradigm, multiple accesses to the same global data structure are possible and can be accelerated if local copies of the global data structure are maintained in local caches. However, the hardware-supported cache consistency schemes are not introduced into the NUMA machines. These systems can cache read-only code and data, as well as local data, but not shared modifiable data. This is the distinguishing feature between NUMA and CC-NUMA multiprocessors. Accordingly, NUMA machines are closer to multicomputers than to other shared memory multiprocessors, while CC-NUMA machines look like real shared memory systems. In NUMA machines, like in multicomputers, the main design issues are the organization of processor nodes, the interconnection network, and the possible techniques to reduce remote memory accesses. Two examples of NUMA machines are the Hector and the Cray T3D multiprocessor. Sources used www.wikipedia.com http://www.developers.net/tsearch?searchkeys=MIMD+architecture http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~galaghba/mimd.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2685241/Computer-Architecture-Introduction-to-MIMD-architectures